Python 

Strings

Strings in python are surrounded by either single

quotation marks, or double quotation marks.
'hello' is the same as "hello".
You can display a string literal with
the print() function:
• Example
print("Hello")
print('Hello')
Assign String to a Variable

• Assigning a string to a variable is done with the

variable name followed by an equal sign (Assignment
Operator) and the string:
• Example
a = "Hello"
print(a)
Multiline Strings

• You can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three

quotes:
• Example
• You can use three double quotes:
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)
Strings are Arrays

• Like many other popular programming languages, strings in Python are

arrays of bytes representing unicode characters.
• However, Python does not have a character data type, a single character
is simply a string with a length of 1.
• Square brackets can be used to access elements of the string.
• Example
• Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has
the position 0):
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])
Looping Through a String

Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters in a string, with a for loop.

Example
Loop through the letters in the word "banana":

for x in "banana":
print(x)
String Length

To get the length of a string, use the len() function.

Example

The len() function returns the length of a string:

a = "Hello, World!"
print(len(a))
Check String

To check if a certain phrase or character is present in a string, we can use the keyword in.

Example
Check if "free" is present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("free" in txt)
 Check if NOT
To check if a certain phrase or character is NOT present in a string, we can use the keyword not
in.

Example
Check if "expensive" is NOT present in the following text:
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
print("expensive" not in txt)
 Python Booleans
Boolean Values

• In programming you often need to know if an expression is True or False.

• You can evaluate any expression in Python, and get one of two answers, True or False.
• When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and Python returns the Boolean answer:

Example
print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)

Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.

Example

When you run a condition in an if statement, Python returns True or False:

Example
Print a message based on whether the condition is True or False:
a = 200
b = 33

if b > a:
  print("b is greater than a")
else:
  print("b is not greater than a")
Evaluate Values and Variables
The bool() function allows you to evaluate any value, and
give you True or False in return

• Example

• Evaluate a string and a number:

print(bool("Hello"))
print(bool(15))

,
Most Values are True

Almost any value is evaluated to True if it has some sort of content.

Any string is True, except empty strings.
Any number is True, except 0.
Any list, tuple, set, and dictionary are True, except empty ones.
• Example
• The following will return True:
bool("abc")
bool(123)
bool(["apple", "cherry", "banana"])
Some Values are False

In fact, there are not many values that evaluate to False, except empty values, such
as (), [], {}, "“
the number 0, and the value None. And of course the value False evaluates to False.
• Example
• The following will return False:
• bool(False)
bool(None)
bool(0)
bool("")
bool(())
bool([])
bool({})
Functions can Return a Boolean

• You can create functions that returns a Boolean Value:

• Example
• Print the answer of a function:
• def myFunction() :
  return True

print(myFunction())
Python Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:
• Example
• print(10 + 5)

• Python divides the operators in the following groups:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators
 Python Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
Python Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
Python Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y
 Python Logical Operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:

Operator Description Example

and  Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and  x < 10
or Returns True if one of the statements is x < 5 or x < 4
true

not Reverse the result, returns False if the not(x < 5 and x < 10)
result is true
Python Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object,
with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example Try it

is  Returns True if both variables are the same x is y Try it »
object

is not Returns True if both variables are not the x is not y Try it »
same object
Python Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object:

Operator Description Example

in  Returns True if a sequence with the x in y
specified value is present in the object

not in Returns True if a sequence with the x not in y

specified value is not present in the object
Python Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator Name Description

&  AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
 ^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~  NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left shift Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off
>> Signed right shift Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall
off
Python Lists
• mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
List
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
• Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data,
the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.
• Lists are created using square brackets:
• Example
• Create a List:
• thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
• print(thislist)
List Items
• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values.
• List items are indexed, the first item has index [0] , the second item
has index [1] etc.
Ordered
• When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a
defined order, and that order will not change.
• If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end
of the list.
• Note: There are some list methods that will change the order, but in
general: the order of the items will not change.
Changeable
• The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove
items in a list after it has been created.
Allow Duplicates
• Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value:
• Example Lists allow duplicate values:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
List Length
• To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:
• Example Print the number of items in the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))
List Items - Data Types
• List items can be of any data type:
• Example String, int and boolean data types:
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]
Example A list with strings, integers and boolean values:
list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]
type()
• From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data
type 'list':
• Example What is the data type of a list?
mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(type(mylist))
The list() Constructor
• It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list.
• Example Using the list() constructor to make a List:
• thislist = list(("apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double
roundbrackets
• print(thislist)
Python Collections (Arrays)
• There are four collection data types in the Python programming language:
• List is a collection which is ordered and changeable.
• Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable.
• Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed
• No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection which is ordered* and changeable.
• No duplicate members.
• When choosing a collection type, it is useful to understand the properties of that type.
• Choosing the right type for a particular data set could mean retention of meaning, and, it could
mean an increase in efficiency or security.
Python - Access List Items

• List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the
index number:
• Example
• Print the second item of the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[1])

Note: The first item has index 0.

Negative Indexing
• Negative indexing means start from the end
• Example Print the last item of the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist[-1])
Range of Indexes
• You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to
end the range.
• When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the
specified items.
• Example Return the third, fourth, and fifth item:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]
print(thislist[2:5])
Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5 (not
included).
Remember that the first item has index 0.
• Example This example returns the items from the beginning to, but NOT
including, "kiwi":
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon",
"mango"]
print(thislist[:4])
• By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end of the list:
• Example This example returns the items from "cherry" to the end:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon",
"mango"] print(thislist[2:])
Range of Negative Indexes
• Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from the end
of the list:
• Example This example returns the items from "orange" (-4) to, but
NOT including "mango" (-1):
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon",
"mango"]
print(thislist[-4:-1])
Check if Item Exists
• To determine if a specified item is present in a list use the in keyword:
• Example Check if "apple" is present in the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
if "apple" in thislist:
print("Yes, 'apple' is in the fruits list")