Building Java Programs: Introduction To Java Programming

Building Java Programs
Chapter 1
Introduction to Java Programming
Copyright (c) Pearson 2013.

All rights reserved.
What is computer science?
• Computer Science
– The study of theoretical foundations of information and computation
and their implementation and application in computer systems. --
Wikipedia
– Many subfields
• Graphics, Computer Vision
• Artificial Intelligence
• Scientific Computing
• Robotics
• Databases, Data Mining
• Computational Linguistics, Natural Language Processing ...
• Computer Engineering
– Overlap with CS and EE; emphasizes hardware
2
The CS job market
160,000
140,000
120,000
PhD
100,000 Master's
Bachelor's
80,000 Projected Job Openings
60,000
40,000
20,000
-
Computer science Biological science
SOURCES: Tabulated by National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics; data from Department of Education/National Center for Education Statistics:
Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System Completions Survey; and NSF/SRS: Sur
3
What is programming?
• program: A set of instructions
to be carried out by a computer.
• program execution: The act of

carrying out the instructions
contained in a program.
• programming language: A systematic set of rules used to

describe computations in a format that is editable by humans.
– This textbook teaches programming in a language named Java.
4
Programming languages
• Some influential ones:
– FORTRAN
• science / engineering
– COBOL
• business data
– LISP
• logic and AI
– BASIC
• a simple language
5
Some modern languages
• procedural languages: programs are a series of commands
– Pascal (1970): designed for education
– C (1972): low-level operating systems and device drivers
• functional programming: functions map inputs to outputs

– Lisp (1958) / Scheme (1975), ML (1973), Haskell (1990)
• object-oriented languages: programs use interacting "objects"

– Smalltalk (1980): first major object-oriented language
– C++ (1985): "object-oriented" improvements to C
• successful in industry; used to build major OSes such as Windows
– Java (1995): designed for embedded systems, web apps/servers
• Runs on many platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, cell phones...)
• The language taught in this textbook
6
Basic Java programs with
println statements
Compile/run a program
1. Write it.
– code or source code: The set of instructions in a program.
2. Compile it.
• compile: Translate a program from one language to another.
– byte code: The Java compiler converts your code into a format
named byte code that runs on many computer types.
3. Run (execute) it.

– output: The messages printed to the user by a program.
source code byte code output
compile run
8
A Java program
public class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, world!");
System.out.println();
System.out.println("This program produces");
System.out.println("four lines of output");
}
}
• Its output:
Hello, world!
This program produces

four lines of output
• console: Text box into which

the program's output is printed.
9
Structure of a Java program
public class name { class: a program
statement;
statement; method: a named group
... of statements
statement;
}
} statement: a command to be executed
• Every executable Java program consists of a class,

– that contains a method named main,
• that contains the statements (commands) to be executed.
10
System.out.println
• A statement that prints a line of output on the console.
– pronounced "print-linn"
– sometimes called a "println statement" for short
• Two ways to use System.out.println :

• System.out.println("text");
Prints the given message as output.
• System.out.println();
Prints a blank line of output.
11
Names and identifiers
• You must give your program a name.
public class GangstaRap {
– Naming convention: capitalize each word (e.g. MyClassName)

– Your program's file must match exactly (GangstaRap.java)
• includes capitalization (Java is "case-sensitive")
• identifier: A name given to an item in your program.

– must start with a letter or _ or $
– subsequent characters can be any of those or a number
• legal: _myName TheCure ANSWER_IS_42 $bling$
• illegal: me+u 49ers side-swipe Ph.D's
12
Keywords
• keyword: An identifier that you cannot use because it already
has a reserved meaning in Java.
abstract default if private this
boolean do implements protected throw
break double import public throws
byte else instanceof return transient
case extends int short try
catch final interface static void
char finally long strictfp volatile
class float native super while
const for new switch
continue goto package synchronized
13
Syntax
• syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be
used in a particular language.
– Every basic Java statement ends with a semicolon ;
– The contents of a class or method occur between { and }
• syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the structure of

a program that causes the compiler to fail.
– Missing semicolon
– Too many or too few { } braces
– Illegal identifier for class name
– Class and file names do not match
...
14
Syntax error example
1 public class Hello {
2 pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
3 System.owt.println("Hello, world!")_
4 }
5 }
• Compiler output:
Hello.java:2: <identifier> expected
pooblic static void main(String[] args) {
^
Hello.java:3: ';' expected
}
^
2 errors
– The compiler shows the line number where it found the error.
– The error messages can be tough to understand!
15
Strings
• string: A sequence of characters to be printed.
– Starts and ends with a " quote " character.
• The quotes do not appear in the output.
– Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string. It's very long!"
• Restrictions:
– May not span multiple lines.
"This is not
a legal String."
– May not contain a " character.

"This is not a "legal" String either."
16
Escape sequences
• escape sequence: A special sequence of characters used to
represent certain special characters in a string.
\t tab character
\n new line character
\" quotation mark character
\\ backslash character
– Example:
System.out.println("\\hello\nhow\tare \"you\"?\\\\");
– Output:
\hello
how are "you"?\\
17
Questions
• What is the output of the following println statements?
System.out.println("\ta\tb\tc");
System.out.println("\\\\");
System.out.println("'");
System.out.println("\"\"\"");
System.out.println("C:\nin\the downward spiral");
• Write a println statement to produce this output:

/ \ // \\ /// \\\
18
Answers
• Output of each println statement:
a b c
\\
'
"""
C:
in he downward spiral
• println statement to produce the line of output:

System.out.println("/ \\ // \\\\ /// \\\\\\");
19
Questions
• What println statements will generate this output?
This program prints a
quote from the Gettysburg Address.
"Four score and seven years ago,

our 'fore fathers' brought forth on
this continent a new nation."
• What println statements will generate this output?

A "quoted" String is
'much' better if you learn
the rules of "escape sequences."
Also, "" represents an empty String.

Don't forget: use \" instead of " !
'' is not the same as "
20
Answers
• println statements to generate the output:
System.out.println("This program prints a");
System.out.println("quote from the Gettysburg Address.");
System.out.println("\"Four score and seven years ago,");
System.out.println("our 'fore fathers' brought forth on");
System.out.println("this continent a new nation.\"");
• println statements to generate the output:

System.out.println("A \"quoted\" String is");
System.out.println("'much' better if you learn");
System.out.println("the rules of \"escape sequences.\"");
System.out.println("Also, \"\" represents an empty String.");
System.out.println("Don't forget: use \\\" instead of \" !");
System.out.println("'' is not the same as \"");
21
Comments
• comment: A note written in source code by the programmer
to describe or clarify the code.
– Comments are not executed when your program runs.
• Syntax:
// comment text, on one line
or,
/* comment text; may span multiple lines */
• Examples:
// This is a one-line comment.
/* This is a very long
multi-line comment. */
22
Using comments
• Where to place comments:
– at the top of each file (a "comment header")
– at the start of every method (seen later)
– to explain complex pieces of code
• Comments are useful for:

– Understanding larger, more complex programs.
– Multiple programmers working together, who must understand
each other's code.
23
Comments example
/* Suzy Student, CS 101, Fall 2019
This program prints lyrics about ... something. */
public class BaWitDaBa {

// first verse
System.out.println("Bawitdaba");
System.out.println("da bang a dang diggy diggy");
// second verse
System.out.println("diggy said the boogy");
System.out.println("said up jump the boogy");
}
}
24
Static methods
Algorithms
• algorithm: A list of steps for solving a problem.
• Example algorithm: "Bake sugar cookies"
– Mix the dry ingredients.
– Cream the butter and sugar.
– Beat in the eggs.
– Stir in the dry ingredients.
– Set the oven temperature.
– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
– Allow the cookies to bake.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
– ...
26
Problems with algorithms
• lack of structure: Many tiny steps; tough to remember.
• redundancy: Consider making a double batch...
– Set the timer.
– Place the first batch of cookies into the oven.
– Set the timer.
– Place the second batch of cookies into the oven.
– Mix ingredients for frosting.
– ...
27
Structured algorithms
• structured algorithm: Split into coherent tasks.
1 Make the cookie batter.
2 Bake the cookies.

– Set the timer.
– Place the cookies into the oven.
3 Add frosting and sprinkles.

– Mix the ingredients for the frosting.
– Spread frosting and sprinkles onto the cookies.
...
28
Removing redundancy
• A well-structured algorithm can describe repeated tasks with
less redundancy.
1 Make the cookie batter.
– ...
2a Bake the cookies (first batch).
– Set the timer.
– ...
2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

3 Decorate the cookies.
– ...
29
A program with redundancy
public class BakeCookies {
System.out.println("Mix the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Cream the butter and sugar.");
System.out.println("Beat in the eggs.");
System.out.println("Stir in the dry ingredients.");
System.out.println("Set the oven temperature.");
System.out.println("Set the timer.");
System.out.println("Place a batch of cookies into the oven.");
System.out.println("Allow the cookies to bake.");
System.out.println("Mix ingredients for frosting.");
System.out.println("Spread frosting and sprinkles.");
}
}
30
Static methods
• static method: A named group of statements.
• denotes the structure of a program
class
• eliminates redundancy by code reuse
method A
 statement
– procedural decomposition:  statement
dividing a problem into methods  statement
method B
 statement
 statement
• Writing a static method is like
method C
adding a new command to Java.  statement
 statement
 statement
31
Using static methods
1. Design the algorithm.
– Look at the structure, and which commands are repeated.
– Decide what are the important overall tasks.
2. Declare (write down) the methods.

– Arrange statements into groups and give each group a name.
3. Call (run) the methods.

– The program's main method executes the other methods to
perform the overall task.
32
Design of an algorithm
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.
public class BakeCookies2 {
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
// Step 2a: Bake cookies (first batch).
// Step 2b: Bake cookies (second batch).
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
}
}
33
Declaring a method
Gives your method a name so it can be executed
• Syntax:
public static void name() {
statement;
statement;
...
statement;
}
• Example:
public static void printWarning() {
System.out.println("This product causes cancer");
System.out.println("in lab rats and humans.");
}
34
Calling a method
Executes the method's code
• Syntax:
name();
– You can call the same method many times if you like.
• Example:
printWarning();
– Output:
This product causes cancer
in lab rats and humans.
35
Program with static method
public class FreshPrince {
rap(); // Calling (running) the rap method
rap(); // Calling the rap method again
}
// This method prints the lyrics to my favorite song.
public static void rap() {
System.out.println("Now this is the story all about how");
System.out.println("My life got flipped turned upside-down");
}
}
Output:
Now this is the story all about how
My life got flipped turned upside-down
Now this is the story all about how

My life got flipped turned upside-down
36
Final cookie program
// This program displays a delicious recipe for baking cookies.
public class BakeCookies3 {
makeBatter();
bake(); // 1st batch
bake(); // 2nd batch
decorate();
}
// Step 1: Make the cake batter.
public static void makeBatter() {
}
// Step 2: Bake a batch of cookies.
public static void bake() {
}
// Step 3: Decorate the cookies.
public static void decorate() {
}
}
37
Methods calling methods
public class MethodsExample {
message1();
message2();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
}
public static void message1() {
System.out.println("This is message1.");
}
message1();
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
}
}
• Output:
This is message1.
This is message2.
This is message1.
Done with message2.
Done with main.
38
Control flow
• When a method is called, the program's execution...
– "jumps" into that method, executing its statements, then
– "jumps" back to the point where the method was called.
public class MethodsExample {

message1(); System.out.println("This is message1.");
}
message2();
message1();
System.out.println("Done with main.");
System.out.println("Done with message2.");
} }

... System.out.println("This is message1.");
} }
39
When to use methods
• Place statements into a static method if:
– The statements are related structurally, and/or
– The statements are repeated.
• You should not create static methods for:

– An individual println statement.
– Only blank lines. (Put blank printlns in main.)
– Unrelated or weakly related statements.
(Consider splitting them into two smaller methods.)
40
Drawing complex figures
with static methods
Static methods question
• Write a program to print these figures using methods.
______
/ \
/ \
\ /
\______/
\ /
\______/
+--------+
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
42
Development strategy
______
/ \ First version (unstructured):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Create an empty program and main method.
\ /  Copy the expected output into it, surrounding
\______/
+--------+ each line with System.out.println syntax.
______  Run it to verify the output.

/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
43
Program version 1
public class Figures1 {
System.out.println(" ______");
System.out.println(" / \\");
System.out.println("/ \\");
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println(" \\______/");
System.out.println("+--------+");
System.out.println("| STOP |");
}
}
44
Development strategy 2
______
/ \ Second version (structured, with redundancy):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Identify the structure of the output.
\ /
\______/  Divide the main method into static methods
+--------+
based on this structure.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
45
Output structure
______
/ \ The structure of the output:
/ \
\ /  initial "egg" figure
\______/
 second "teacup" figure
\ /  third "stop sign" figure

\______/
+--------+  fourth "hat" figure
______
/ \ This structure can be represented by methods:
/ \
 egg
| STOP |
\ /  teaCup
\______/
 stopSign
______
 hat
/ \
/ \
+--------+
46
Program version 2
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
public static void egg() {
}
public static void teaCup() {
}
...
47
Program version 2, cont'd.
...
public static void stopSign() {
}
public static void hat() {
}
}
48
Development strategy 3
______
/ \ Third version (structured, without redundancy):
/ \
\ /
\______/  Identify redundancy in the output, and create
methods to eliminate as much as possible.
\ /
\______/
+--------+  Add comments to the program.
______
/ \
/ \
| STOP |
\ /
\______/
______
/ \
/ \
+--------+
49
Output redundancy
______
/ \
/ \
\ / The redundancy in the output:
\______/
\ /
 egg top: reused on stop sign, hat
\______/  egg bottom: reused on teacup, stop sign
+--------+
 divider line: used on teacup, hat
______
/ \
/ \ This redundancy can be fixed by methods:
| STOP |
 eggTop
\ /
\______/  eggBottom
______  line
/ \
/ \
+--------+
50
Program version 3
// Suzy Student, CSE 138, Spring 2094
// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
egg();
teaCup();
stopSign();
hat();
}
// Draws the top half of an an egg figure.
public static void eggTop() {
}
// Draws the bottom half of an egg figure.
public static void eggBottom() {
}
// Draws a complete egg figure.
public static void egg() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}
...
51
Program version 3, cont'd.
...
// Draws a teacup figure.
public static void teaCup() {
eggBottom();
line();
}
// Draws a stop sign figure.
public static void stopSign() {
eggTop();
eggBottom();
}
// Draws a figure that looks sort of like a hat.
public static void hat() {
eggTop();
line();
}
// Draws a line of dashes.
public static void line() {
}
}
52

Building Java Programs: Introduction To Java Programming

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Building Java Programs: Introduction To Java Programming

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Building Java Programs

Copyright (c) Pearson 2013.

• program execution: The act of

• programming language: A systematic set of rules used to

• functional programming: functions map inputs to outputs

• object-oriented languages: programs use interacting "objects"

3. Run (execute) it.

This program produces

• console: Text box into which

• Every executable Java program consists of a class,

• Two ways to use System.out.println :

public class GangstaRap {

– Naming convention: capitalize each word (e.g. MyClassName)

• identifier: A name given to an item in your program.

• syntax error (compiler error): A problem in the structure of

– May not contain a " character.

• Write a println statement to produce this output:

• println statement to produce the line of output:

"Four score and seven years ago,

• What println statements will generate this output?

Also, "" represents an empty String.

• println statements to generate the output:

• Comments are useful for:

public class BaWitDaBa {

2 Bake the cookies.

3 Add frosting and sprinkles.

2b Bake the cookies (second batch).

2. Declare (write down) the methods.

3. Call (run) the methods.

Now this is the story all about how

public class MethodsExample {

public static void message1() {

• You should not create static methods for:

______  Run it to verify the output.

\ /  third "stop sign" figure

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