Data Collection Method

Methods of Data
Collection
Class work (5 mins)
1. What are different data
collection techniques ?
2. Which data collection techniques
did you use in your project and
why ?
TYPES OF
DATA
• PRIMARY DATA
• Are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in character and known as Primary data.
• SECONDARY DATA
• Are those which have been collected by someone else and which
have already been passed through the statistical process are known
as Secondary data.
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY
DATA
• There are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in
surveys and descriptive researches.
• In descriptive research, we obtain primary data either through
observation or through direct communication with respondents in
one form or another or through personal interviews.
Methods of data Collecting Primary
Data
• OBSERVATION METHOD :
• Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected
with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.
• ADVANTAGES
• Subjective bias eliminated
• Researcher gets Current information
• Independent to respondent’s variable
• DISADVANTAGES
• It is expensive method
• Time consuming
• Limited information
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task
• Respondents opinion can not be recorded on certain subject
TYPES OF
OBSERVATION
• Structured Observation
• When observation is done by characterizing style of recording the
observed information, standardized conditions of observation , definition of
the units to be observed , selection of relevant data of observation then it is
structured observation
• Unstructured Observation
• When observation is done without any thought before observation then it is
unstructured observation
TYPES OF
OBSERV ATION
Participant & Non Participant Observation
• When the Observer is member of the group which he is observing
then it is Participant Observation. In participant observation
Researcher can record natural behavior of group , Researcher can
verify the truth of statements given by informants in the context of
questionnaire
• Non Participant Observation- When observer is observing people
without giving any information to them then it is non participant
observation
INTERVIEW
METHOD
• This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
• Interview Method This is Oral Verbal communication . Where
interviewer asks questions( which are aimed to get information
required for study ) to respondent
• There are different type of interviews:
• Structured interviews
• Semi-structured interviews
• Unstructured interviews
Types of Personal
•Interview
Structured Interview
• Predetermined questions
• Standardized techniques of recorded
• Interviewer follows rigid procedure
• Time required for such interview is less than non structured manner interview
• Not necessary of skill or specific knowledge
• Analysis of data becomes easier
• Unstructured Interview
• No Predetermined questions
• No Standardized techniques
• Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit, add any questions
• Ask questions without following sequence
• Deep knowledge & skill required
• Analysis of data is difficult prescribed manner
Merits of Personal
Interview
• Information at greater depth
• Flexibility of restructuring the Questionnaire
• Interviewer by his skill can over come resistance
• Non Response generally low
• Samples can controlled more effectively
• Personal information can be obtained
• Interviewer can collect supplementary information about
respondent’s personal characteristics and environment which has
value in interpreting results
De Merits Of
Interview
• Expensive method
• Respondent may give bias information
• Some Executive people are not approachable so data collected may
be inadequate
• Takes more time when samples are more
• Systematic errors may be occurred
• Supervisors has to do complex work of selecting ,training and
supervising the field staff.
QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
Definition of Questionnaires
Techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to

respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order
Types of questionnaires
Merits of
Questionnaire
• Low cost even the geographical area is large to cover
• Answers are in respondents word so free from bias
• Adequate time to think for answers
• Large samples can be used so results are more reliable
Demerits of
Questionnaire
• Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire
• Can be used when respondent is educated and co operative
• It is inflexible
• Omission of some questions
• Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is
filled by some one else
Main aspects of a
Questionnaire
Question sequence
• Question sequence should be clear and smoothly moving (relation of
one question to another should readily apparent
• First few questions are important for creating interest in respondents
mind
• Question which gives stress on memory or of a personal character
and wealth should be avoided as opening questions
• Easier question should be at the start of the questionnaire
• General to specific questions should be the sequence of questions
Main aspects of a
Questionnaire
Question formation and wording
• Question should easily understood and should be simple and
concrete.
• Closed questions are easy to handle but this is like fixing the answers
in people’s mouth. So depending upon problem for which survey is
going on both close ended and open ended question may be asked in
Questionnaire.
• Words having ambiguous meaning should be avoided
• Catch words, words with emotional connotations , danger words
should be avoided.
Collection of secondary
data
• Data that are already avaliable
• Publications of Central, state , local government
• Technical and trade journals
• Books, Magazines, Newspaper
• Reports & publications of industry ,bank, stock exchange
• Reports by research scholars, Universities, economist
• Public Records
Collection of secondary
data
• Before using Secondary data researcher must check
• Reliability of the data
• Suitability of data
• Adequacy of data
Selection of appropriate method of
data collection
• Nature and scope of the enquiry
• Availability of funds
• Time factor
• Precision required
Thank you

Data Collection Method

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Methods of Data

Techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to

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