Subject : COMP6047

ALGORITHM AND PROGRAMMING

Year : 2019

Introduction to C Programming II
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, student will be able to:
• Define element and structure of C programming language (LO1
& LO2)

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 Variable
• Identifier for storing data/information
• Each variable has its name, address (L-value), type, size and
data (R-value)
• Data or variable value can be modified at run time
• Declaration format:
<data type> <variable name>;
<data type> <variable name> = <initial value>;
• Example:
int a, b, c, total;
float salary, bonus;
int num_students = 20;

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 Variable
• Example:
address
char ch=65 Memory

ch 65 123456

Range of value:
name -128 – 127
value

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 Variable
• Variable Declaration:
– Variable can be declared at every statement block
– Block statement or compound statement is statement exists
between { and } sign
– Example:
int x;
int y;
int z;

or:
int x, y, z;

or:

int x; int y; int z;

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 Data Type
• In C, there are 5 data types and 4 modifiers
Data types:
– Character  char
– Integer  int
– Floating point  float
– Double floating point  double
– Void  void
Modifiers:
- signed
- unsigned
- long
- short

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 Data Type
• Data type in C is a combination of basic data type and its
modifier
Example:
signed char
unsigned int
long int
etc.

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 Data Type
DATA TYPE SYNTAX MEMORY RANGE

character char 1 byte -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 byte

Data type and its range on TURBO C 02.0
to 255
(DOS)
integer int 4 byte –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

short int 2 byte –32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65,535

long int 4 byte –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295

long long 8 byte –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to

9,223,372,036,854,775,807
unsigned long long 8 byte 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

float float 4 byte 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38

double 8 byte 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

long double 8 byte

COMP6047 - Algorithm 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
and Programming 8
 Data Type
• Why char data range between -128 to 127 ?
• 1 Byte = 8-bit
00000000 to 01111111 (MSB=>0 = Positive value)

MSB = Most Significant Bit (most left)

10000000 to 11111111 (MSB=>1 = Negative value)

-128 -128 32 8 4 2 1

64 16
Total = -128 Total = -1
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 Data Type
• Beside used in function identifier type as no return value,
keyword void also used as data type in variable.

• Void data type: is data type that can be transform into any data
type (will be discussed later in pointer)

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 Casting
• Casting is a process to convert data type in C
• Syntax : (data type)
• Example :
int x;
float f = 3.134;
x = (int) f;

casting

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 Symbolic Constant
• Symbolic constant is an identifier which only have R-Value, and
its value is unchangeable at runtime

• Symbolic constant does not have address (L-Value)

• Symbolic constant declaration does not need memory allocation

• To declare symbolic constant, can be done by using pre-

processor directive #define or keyword const
• Example :
const float Pi=3.14;
#define Pi 3.14

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 Symbolic Constant
#define Pi 3.14 int main()
int main() {
{ const float Pi=3.14;
Pi=3.1475; //Error Pi=3.1475; //Error
return 0; return 0;
} }

#define Pi 3.14
int main()
{
float PHI=3.14;
PHI = 3.1475; //OK (variable)
Pi=3.1475; //Error
return 0;
}

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 Constant
Constant / symbolic constant does not have address (only value) and its value
can not be changed at run time.
Constant type:
 Integer constant  -5
 Floating-point constant  3.14
 Character constant  'C' '1' '$'
 Escape sequence  \n \t \''
 String constant  ''BiNus''
⑥ Symbolic constant  #define PHI 3.14
 const float PHI=3.14;
 'H‘ is a character constant
 ''H'‘ is a string constant
 1 is a integer constant
 '1‘ is a character constant
 const float Pi= 3.1415926; Pi is a symbolic constant

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 Program Example
• Addition of two numbers
Data has put on the memory. Result of the addition saved on
the memory (variable)
/* Addition Program */ /*comments */
int x,y,z; /*Global variable*/
int main()
{ /*start main program*/
x = 20; /*Statement 1*/
y = 30; /*Statement 2*/
z = x + y; /*Statement 3*/
return 0; /*Statement 4*/
} /*end of main program*/

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 Program Example
• Calculating area of a circle
Radius value input from keyboard. Print out the
result.
/*----------------------------------
Program circle area
----------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
const float Pi = 3.14; /*Constant declaration*/
int main() /*start main program*/
{
float r; /*local variable*/
float area;
scanf(“%f”,&r); /*r input from keyboard*/
area = Pi * r * r;
printf(“ Circle area = %5.2f”, area); /*print out to screen*/
return (0);
} /*end of main program*/
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 Sizeof

• sizeof is an operator to find out size of a data

type in C language

• Syntax: sizeof expression

• Example :
sizeof(int) = 4 => Dev-V (Windows)
sizeof(int) = 2 => Turbo C ver 2.0 (DOS)

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 Suffix
• C provides suffix for floating point constant:
– F or f for float data type
– L or l for long double data type
– Default double data type

• Example :
– 3.14  (double)
– 3.14f  (float)
– 3.14L  (long double)

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 Suffix
• C provides suffix for a constant integer:
– U or u for unsigned integer
– L or l for long integer
– UL or ul or LU or lu for unsigned long integer
– Default integer

• Example :
– 174  (integer)
– 174u  (unsigned integer)
– 174L  (long integer)
– 174ul  (unsigned long integer)

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 Suffix
• Some compilers will give warning for differ in data type, as can be
seen from the following example Visual C++:
• Example :
float x;
x = 3.14;
warning: truncation from 'const double' to 'float’

• How to deal with the issue? You may use casting or suffix
float x;
x = (float)3.14; // casting
x = 3.14f;// or suffix

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 Suffix
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf(“Size of Floating Point Constant :\n");
printf(" – using suffix f = %d\n",sizeof(3.14f));
printf(" – without suffix = %d\n",sizeof(3.14));
printf(" – using suffix L = %d\n",sizeof(3.14L));
getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
Size of Floating Point Constant :
- using suffix f = 4
- without suffix = 8
- using suffix L = 12
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 Output Operation
• To show data on the display screen/monitor. Some of standard
library function in C :
printf();
putchar();
puts();
etc.

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 Output Operation: printf function
• To display some data on the standard output, using certain
format

• Standard output is the monitor.

• Syntax:
printf(const char *format[,argument, …]);

• Header file : stdio.h

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 Output Operation: printf() function
/* A first program in C */
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf (“Welcome to C!\n”);
}

/*Printing on one line with two printf statements*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
printf (“Welcome”);
printf (“to C!\n”);
return 0;
}
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 Output Formatting
• Output also has formatted specification:
%[flags][width][.precision] type
width : number of columns provided
type :
precision : digit number d –or- i : signed decimal
flags : o : unsigned octal
can be changed into: u : unsigned decimal
none : right justify x : unsigned hexadecimal
- : left justify f : floating point
- + : for positive & negative value e : floating point (exponent)
c : single character
s : string
% : % character
p : pointer
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 Output Formatting
• For long data type, add l at the front of data type:
– long double  ( “ %lf “)
– unsigned long int  ( “ %lu “)
– long int  ( “ %ld “)

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 Output Example
• Example 1:
printf (“%6d”, 34); ….34
printf (”%-6d”, 34); 34….

• Example 2
printf (“%10s”, “BINUS”); …..BINUS
printf (“%-10s”, “BINUS”); BINUS…..
printf (“%8.2f”, 3.14159 ); ….3.14
printf (“%-8.3f”, 3.14159 ); 3.141…

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 Output Example
• Example 3:
printf ("%c\n",65); // print A
printf ("%x\n",'A'); // print 41
printf ("%o\n",65); // print 101
printf ("%+d\n",34); // print +34
printf ("%+d\n",-45); // print -45
printf ("%e\n",3.14); // print 3.140000e+000

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 Output Example
• Example 4:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char ss[]="Selamat Datang";
printf("123456789012345678901234567890\n");
printf("%.10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%.20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-20s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%20.10s di Binus\n",ss);
printf("%-20.10s di Binus\n",ss);
return 0;
}
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 Output Example
• Example 4:
Output:

123456789012345678901234567890
Selamat Da di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Datang di Binus
Selamat Da di Binus
Selamat Da di Binus

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 Output Operation: putchar() function
• Syntax:
int putchar(int c)

• Functionality:
– Displaying character on the monitor at cursor position. After
display, cursor will move to the next position
– Return EOF if error, and return the displayed character after
successfully done
– putchar is a macro similar to : putc(c, stdout )
– Header File : stdio.h

• Example :
char ch=’A’;
putchar(ch);

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 Output Operation: puts() function
• Syntax:
int puts(const char *str);

• Functionality :
– Display string to the monitor and move the cursor to new line
– Return non-negative value when successful and EOF if error
– Header file: stdio.h

• Example :
puts(”Welcome”);
puts(”to Binus”);
Output on monitor:
Welcome
to Binus

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 Input Operation
• Standard library function that is related to input operations are:
scanf();
getchar();
getch();
getche();
gets();
etc.

• Input operation: function/operation of getting the data into the

memory using standard I/O devices (keyboard, disk, etc.)

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 Input Operation: scanf() function
• Header file: stdio.h
• Format:
int scanf( const char *format [,argument]... );
• All the argument type are pointers (address of a variable)
• To get the address of a variable use “&” sign
• Example :
int aValue;
scanf(”%d”,&aValue);

• Input format: ”%type”

where type can be substituted with one of the following list:
(next page)

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 Input Operation: scanf() function
• Format Type:
Type Used to scan
d integer
u unsigned integer
x hexadecimal
e, f, g floating point
C single character
s string ended with whit space
O data unsigned octal
[…] string ended with non of the value inside [...]
[^..] string ended with the value inside [...]

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 Input Operation: scanf() function
• If exist an x integer variable, state the difference of x and &x?
Variable Name Address Value
X 45678 234

Answer:
x : 234
&x : 45678

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 Input Operation: scanf() function
• scanf() function returns an integer that stated how many fields
are successfully assigned

• Example :
int x,y,z,w;
x = scanf("%d %d %d",&y,&z,&w);

– Input three values of integer 6 7 8, then x = 3;

– Input four values 6 7 8 9 then x = 3 (successfully assign
3 variables y z w)

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 Input Operation: scanf() function
/* Program Calculating rectangle area v1*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int width, height, area;
scanf(”%d”,&width);
scanf(”%d”,&height);
area = width*height;
return(0);
} scanf()
function
/* Program Calculating rectangle area v2*/ can use
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){ more than
int width, height, area; one
scanf(“%d %d”,&width, &height); argument
area = width * height;
return(0);
}
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 Input Operation: scanf() function
/* Program different argument*/

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number; char initial; float money;
scanf(“%d %c %f” ,&number, &initial, &money);

//other statements

return(0); Data type

} for each
variable in
the function
argument
can be
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different 39
 Input Operation: scanf() function
• Getting string data from keyboard using scanf() using format:
%s
• Example :
char ss[40];
scanf(”%s”, ss);
• Note for the example above, as the ss variable is a pointer than
we need not putting extra & sign (&ss) in the function
argument
(pointer will be discussed later separately)
• String takes only till the first whitespace found

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 Input Formatting
• Space char, tab, linefeed, carriage-return, form-feed, vertical-
tab, and new-line entitle ”white-space characters”

• Example :
– Using previous example, if a string “good
morning every one” entered then ss value will
only contain “good”

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 Input Formatting & Example
• To get string that ended with certain character for example
Enter, use scanf() with format: [^\n]

• Example 1:
char ss[40];
scanf(”%[^\n]”,ss);

• Using the previous example, if a string “good morning every

one” then ENTER, the ss variable will contain “good morning
every one”

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 Input Formatting & Example
• Example 2:
char ss[40];
scanf(”%[a-z]”, ss);

• Using the example above, if the string is:

http://binusmaya.binus.ac.id then ENTER, ss variable will
only contain: http.
This is caused by character (:) is not within a to z, thus (:)
accounted as the end of the string

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 Input Formatting & Example
• Example 3 :
int x;
scanf("%o", &x);

• Using the above code, if input value: 44 followed by enter then

x will contain: 36 in decimal, as 44 is an octal number system

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 Input Formatting & Example
• Example 4:
int x;
scanf("%x", &x);

• Using the above code, if input value: 44 followed by enter then

x will contain: 68 in decimal, as 44 is a hexadecimal number
system

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 Input Operation: getchar() function
• Syntax:
int getchar(void);

• Functionality:
– Return the next ASCII character from keyboard buffer
– Shown on the monitor screen
– Awaiting for ENTER pressed
– Header file: stdio.h

• Example :
char ch;
ch = getchar();

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 Input Operation: gets() function
• Syntax:
char *gets(char *buffer)

• Functionality :
– read a string from keyboard till find new-line and save in buffer
– new-line will later on replace with null character
– will return NULL if error and return its argument (buffer) if success

• Example :
char buffer[40];
char *ptr;
ptr = gets(buffer);

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 Exercise
1. int x,y,z,w;
x=scanf("%d %d %d",&y,&z,&w);
a. What happen if input was 2 integer values from the keyboard?
b. What is x value if 3 character values given as the input?

2. char ss1[40];
char ss2[40];
x=scanf(”%s %s”,ss1,ss2);
c. What is ss1 and ss2, if the input from keyboard is ”Good morning
everyone” ?
d. What is x if the input : ”Class 1PAT” ?

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 Exercise
3. char ss[40];
scanf(”%4s”, ss);
What is ss value, if the input : ”Good morning” ?

4. char ch;
ch = getchar();
What is ch value, if the input : Binus ?

5. char ch1, ch2;

ch1 = getchar(); // input word “Binus” here!
ch2 = getchar();
What is the value of ch1 and ch2, if the input : Binus ?

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 Exercise
6. Create a program in C to receive input from standard input
(keyboard) for the following data:
– Assignment Score
– Mid Exam Score
– Final Exam Score

Calculate and display Final Score using :

Final Score = 20%*Assignment + 30%*Mid +
50%*Final

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 Exercise
7.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char name[40];
int nim;
char gender;
printf(“Name:"); scanf("%[^\n]",name);
printf(“StudentNum :"); scanf("%d",&nim);
printf(“Gender (M/F):"); gender=getchar();
return 0;
}

After entering name and student number, program will exit to prompt.
gender=getchar() seems to be never executed. Explain why?

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 Exercise
8.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
char ss[]="10 % 3 = 1\n";
char str[]=“Welcome to Binus everyone\n";
printf(ss);
printf("%s",ss);
printf(str);
printf("%s",str);
return 0;
}

What is the output of the above code ?

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 Summary
• Syntax for Output:
printf, putchar, putch, puts
• Syntax for Input:
scanf, getchar, getch, getche, gets
• The screen (DOS mode) divided into row and column, normally
max column = 80 and max row = 25

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 References
• Paul Deitel & Harvey Deitel. (2016). C how to program : with an
introduction to C++. 08. Pearson Education. Hoboken. ISBN:
9780133976892. Chapter 1 ,2, 9
• Writing Your First C Program: http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch02.htm
• Data Types and Names in C: http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch04.htm
• Reading from and Writing to Standard I/O:
http://aelinik.free.fr/c/ch05.htm
• Intro to File Input/Output in C:
http://www.cs.bu.edu/teaching/c/file-io/intro/

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 END

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