Chapter 2

OSI Model
for
Data Communication
Er. Avinash Bhagat
Assistant Professor
9463281930
avinash.bhagat@lpu.co.in
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2004
 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

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 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

A network is a combination of
hardware and software

The hardware consists of the

physical equipment that carries
signals from one point of the
network to another.

The software consists of instruction

sets that make
possible the services that we expect
from a network

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 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

Devices
S/W
S/W

S/W

S/W

S/W and H/W Router

S/W and H/W Switch , Bridge

H/W Hub, NIC, Repeater

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 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

PDU
Data
Data
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits and Bytes
©
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 Protocol Data Unit
PDU

Data

Segment

Packet

Frame

PDU Bits and Bytes

010 101011100011010

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 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

Type of addresses
Specific

Port 16 bits
Logical 32 bits
Physical /link 48 bits

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 ISO’s
Open System Interconnection Architecture

Data Flow

Process to process
End to End
Hop to Hop or node to node

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Physical Layer

Concerned with transmission of raw

bits over a communication channel.

Number of pins and functions of each pin

of the network connector.
Signal level, data rate (electrical)
Direction of data transmissions
Establishing or breaking connection
Deals with physical transmission medium.

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Physical Layer

 Physical characteristics of interface and

medium.
 Representation of bits.
 Data rate and duration of bits.
 Synchronization of sender and receiver
clock.
 Line configuration—point to point or
multipoint.
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode.– simplex or duplex
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 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

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Data link Layer

 This layer transforms the physical layer to

a reliable transmission/ reception of
structures stream of data. Functions of
data link layer are:
1. Framing: manageable data units are
called frames

2. Physical addressing: data link layer

adds a header to the frame to define
sender or receiver of the frame.
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Data link Layer

3. Flow control:
4. Error control
5. Access control.

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 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

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 Figure 2.7 Node-to-node delivery

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 Example 1
In Figure 2.8 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link. At the data link level this frame
contains physical addresses in the header. These are the
only addresses needed. The rest of the header contains
other information needed at this level. The trailer usually
contains extra bits needed for error detection

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 Figure 2.8 Example 1

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Network Layer

This layer is responsible for source to

destination delivery of a packet possibly
across multiple networks by establishing,
maintaining and terminating connections.

Data link layer sees the delivery of packets

between two system on the same network
(links).

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Network Layer

Functions of network layer:

1.Logical addressing : if a packet passes
the network boundary, we need another
addressing system to help distinguish the
source and destination system
2.Routing
3.Assembly disassembly of messages
4.Message priorities
5.internetworking

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 Figure 2.9 Network layer

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 Note:

The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of packets from the
original source to the
final destination.

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 Figure 2.10 Source-to-destination delivery

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 Example 2
In Figure 2.11 we want to send data from a node with
network address A and physical address 10, located on
one LAN, to a node with a network address P and
physical address 95, located on another LAN. Because
the two devices are located on different networks, we
cannot use physical addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local jurisdiction. What we need here
are universal addresses that can pass through the LAN
boundaries. The network (logical) addresses have this
characteristic.

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 Figure 2.11 Example 2

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Transport Layer

Transport layer is responsible for Process

to process communication. Functions of
transport layer:
1.It monitors quality of Service
2.Port addressing
3.Segmentation and reassembly
4.Connection control
5.Flow control
6.Error control i.e. End to end error
detection.
7.Multiplexing
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 Figure 2.12 Transport layer

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 Figure 2.12 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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 Example 3
Figure 2.14 shows an example of transport layer
communication. Data coming from the upper layers have
port addresses j and k (j is the address of the sending
process, and k is the address of the receiving process).
Since the data size is larger than the network layer can
handle, the data are split into two packets, each packet
retaining the port addresses (j and k). Then in the network
layer, network addresses (A and P) are added to each
packet.

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 Figure 2.14 Example 3

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Session Layer

Establishes connection and termination

Performs dialog management:

Who speaks, when, how long
Simplex
Half duplex
Full duplex
Recovery from failure by using check
polling
Token management.
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Presentation Layer

Functions of Presentation layer:

1.Syntax and semantics of information
2.Data types
3.Character code
4.Data compression / decompression
5.Encryption and decryption

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Application Layer

•Concerned with user application

•Common application service element
CASE login, password checks
•Specific Application Service Element
o file transfer, access and management
oJob transfer and manipulation
oElectronic mail
oVideotex, telefax etc
oMessage handling.
oDocument transfer.
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 Figure 2.15 Application layer

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 Figure 2.16 Summary of duties

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Subjective Questions
1. What are the key functions of a
physical layer?

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Multiple Choice Questions
The process-to-process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility
of the _______ layer.
      a. Network
      b. Transport
      c. Application
      d. Physical

Mail services are available to network users through the _______ layer.
      a. Data link
      b. Physical
      c. Transport
      d. Application

When data are transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A's
layer 4 is read by B's _______ layer.
      a. Physical
      b. Transport
      c. Application
      d. None of the above
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Multiple Choice Questions
The process-to-process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility
of the _______ layer.
      a. Network
      b. Transport
      c. Application
      d. Physical

Mail services are available to network users through the _______ layer.
      a. Data link
      b. Physical
      c. Transport
      d. Application

When data are transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A's
layer 4 is read by B's _______ layer.
      a. Physical
      b. Transport
      c. Application
      d. None of the above
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Multiple Choice Questions
The _______ layer changes bits into electromagnetic signals.
      a. Physical
      b. Data link
      c. Transport
      d. None of the above

Which of the following is an application layer service?

      a. Remote log-in
      b. File transfer and access
      c. Mail service
      d. All the above

Why was the OSI model developed?

      a. Manufacturers disliked the TCP/IP protocol suite.
      b. The rate of data transfer was increasing exponentially
      c. Standards were needed to allow any two systems to
communicate
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      d. None of the above
Multiple Choice Questions
The _______ layer changes bits into electromagnetic signals.
      a. Physical
      b. Data link
      c. Transport
      d. None of the above

Which of the following is an application layer service?

      a. Remote log-in
      b. File transfer and access
      c. Mail service
      d. All the above

Why was the OSI model developed?

      a. Manufacturers disliked the TCP/IP protocol suite.
      b. The rate of data transfer was increasing exponentially
      c. Standards were needed to allow any two systems to
communicate
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      d. None of the above
Multiple Choice Questions
The _______ model shows how the network functions of a computer
ought to be organized.
      a. CCITT
      b. OSI
      c. ISO
      d. ANSI

The physical layer is concerned with the movement of _______ over

the physical medium.
      a. programs
      b. dialogs
      c. protocols
      d. bits

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Multiple Choice Questions
The _______ model shows how the network functions of a computer
ought to be organized.
      a. CCITT
      b. OSI
      c. ISO
      d. ANSI

The physical layer is concerned with the movement of _______ over

the physical medium.
      a. programs
      b. dialogs
      c. protocols
      d. bits

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Multiple Choice Questions
In the OSI model, what is the main function of the transport layer?
      a. node-to-node delivery
      b. process-to-process message delivery
      c. synchronization
      d. updating and maintenance of routing tables

In the OSI model, encryption and decryption are functions of the ________
layer.
      a. transport
      b. session
      c. presentation
      d. application

When a host on network A sends a message to a host on network B, which

address does the router look at?
      a. port
      b. logical
      c. physical
      d. none of the above
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Multiple Choice Questions
In the OSI model, what is the main function of the transport layer?
      a. node-to-node delivery
      b. process-to-process message delivery
      c. synchronization
      d. updating and maintenance of routing tables

In the OSI model, encryption and decryption are functions of the ________
layer.
      a. transport
      b. session
      c. presentation
      d. application

When a host on network A sends a message to a host on network B, which

address does the router look at?
      a. port
      b. logical
      c. physical
      d. none of the above
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Multiple Choice Questions
To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host,
the _______ address must be consulted.
      a. port
      b. IP
      c. physical
      d. none of the above

IPv6 has _______ -bit addresses.

      a. 32
      b. 64
      c. 128
      d. variable

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Multiple Choice Questions
To deliver a message to the correct application program running on a host,
the _______ address must be consulted.

      a. port
      b. IP
      c. physical
      d. none of the above

IPv6 has _______ -bit addresses.

      a. 32
      b. 64
      c. 128
      d. variable

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Multiple Choice Questions
The ______ layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
      a. physical
      b. data link
      c. transport
      d. none of the above

The ______ layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer
that includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
      a. physical
      b. data link
      c. network
      d. none of the above

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Multiple Choice Questions
The ______ layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
      a. physical
      b. data link
      c. transport
      d. none of the above

The ______ layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer
that includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver.
      a. physical
      b. data link
      c. network
      d. none of the above

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Multiple Choice Questions
The_________ layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
      a. physical
      b. transport
      c. network
      d. none of the above

The ________ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a
node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
      a. port
      b. physical
      c. logical
      d. none of the above

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Multiple Choice Questions
The_________ layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
      a. physical
      b. transport
      c. network
      d. none of the above

The ________ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a
node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
      a. port
      b. physical
      c. logical
      d. none of the above

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