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Carbon Allotropes: Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes

Bhoomi Jadhav's chemistry project discusses the three main allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. Diamond has a rigid 3D structure that gives it extreme hardness. Graphite has layered sheets that are weakly bonded, making it soft and a good lubricant. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 and have soccer ball-like structures, with some containing 60 carbon atoms in a hollow sphere. The discovery of fullerenes earned the scientists involved the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.

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198 views8 pages

Carbon Allotropes: Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes

Bhoomi Jadhav's chemistry project discusses the three main allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. Diamond has a rigid 3D structure that gives it extreme hardness. Graphite has layered sheets that are weakly bonded, making it soft and a good lubricant. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 and have soccer ball-like structures, with some containing 60 carbon atoms in a hollow sphere. The discovery of fullerenes earned the scientists involved the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.

Uploaded by

Bhoomi Jadhav
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BHOOMI JADHAV

11TH C

CARBON AND ITS


ALLOTROPES
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
CARBON ALLOTROPES!! C
12

• Carbon exhibits many allotropic forms; both crystalline as well as amorphous. Diamond and
graphite are two well-known crystalline forms of carbon.
• In 1985, third form of carbon known as fullerenes was discovered by [Link], [Link] and
[Link].
• For this discovery they were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1996.
ALLOTROPES!!

FULLERENC
DIAMOND GRAPHITE E
Extremely Hard High Conductivity High tensile strength
DIAMOND!!

• It has a crystalline lattice.


• In diamond each carbon atom undergoes sp3 hybridization and linked to four other carbon atoms
by using hybridized orbitals in tetrahedral fashion.
• The C–C bond length is 154 pm.
• The structure extends in space and produces a rigid three dimensional network of carbon atoms.
• In this structure directional covalent bonds are present throughout the lattice.
• It is very difficult to break extended covalent bonding and, therefore, diamond is a hardest
substance on the earth.
• It is used as an abrasive for sharpening hard tools, in making dyes and in the manufacture of
tungsten filaments for electric light bulbs.
GRAPHITE!

• Graphite has layered structure


• Layers are held by van der Waals forces and distance between two layers is 340 pm.
• Each layer is composed of planar hexagonal rings of carbon atoms.
• C—C bond length within the layer is 141.5 pm.
• Each carbon atom in hexagonal ring undergoes sp2 hybridisation and makes three sigma bonds
with three neighboring carbon atoms.
• Fourth electroforms a bond. The electrons are delocalized over the whole sheet.
• Electrons are mobile and, therefore, graphite conducts electricity along the sheet.
• Graphite cleaves easily between the layers and, therefore, it is very soft and slippery.
• For this reason graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines running at high temperature,
where oil cannot be used as a lubricant
FULLERENES
• Fullerenes are made by the heating of graphite in an electric arc in the
presence of inert gases such as helium or argon.
• Fullerenes are cage like molecules. C60 molecule has a shape like
soccer ball and called Buckminsterfullerene.
• It contains twenty six- membered rings and twelve five-membered
rings. A six membered ring is fused with six or five membered rings
but a five membered ring can only fuse with six membered rings.
• All the carbon atoms are equal and they undergo sp2 hybridization.
• it also contains both single and double bonds with C–C distances of
143.5 pm and 138.3 pm respectively.
• Spherical fullerenes are also called bucky balls in short.
• It is very important to know that graphite is thermodynamically most
stable allotrope of carbon.
CONCLUSION
• Other forms of elemental carbon like carbon black, coke, and charcoal are all
impure forms of graphite or fullerenes.
• Carbon black is obtained by burning hydrocarbons in a limited supply of air.
• Charcoal and coke are obtained by heating wood or coal respectively at high
temperatures in the absence of air.
THANK
YOU!

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