Math in the Modern World

GED 141
Variables, The Language of Sets, The
Language of Relations and Functions

with: Sir Arbiol

 GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Objecti
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
ves:
• Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics .

• Explain the nature of mathematics as a language.

• Perform operations of mathematical expressions correctly.

• Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.

 GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Variables
It is represented by a letter like x or y. A symbol for a value we don’t know yet.

What is the advantage of using

• It allows youvariables
to give temporary name to what you are seeking so that you
can perform concrete computations with it to help discover its possible values.
Exampl
• Is e:
there a number with the following property:
► Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?
“Is there a number x with the property that 2x  3  x2 "?
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Another way:
2
“Is there a number with the property that 2  3  "?

• To illustrate the second use of variables, consider the statement:

No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then
its square is greater than 4.
• Introducing a variable to give a temporary name to the number you might choose

enables
“Is there you to maintain
a number x withthe
thegenerality of the
property that 2xstatement.
 3  x2 "?
No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then
its square is greater than 4.
No matter what number x might be chosen, if x is greater than 2, then is greater than 4.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Writing Sentences Using

Variables
• Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.
Exampl
es: there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares equals the
a. Are
square of their sum?
Solutio
n: there numbers x and y with the property x2  y2   x  y 2 .
• Are
• Are there numbers x and y such that x2  y2   x  y 2 .
• Do there exist any numbers x and y such that x2  y2   x  y 2 .
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

b. Give any real number, its square is non-negative.

Solutio
n: any real number r, r 2 is non-negative.
• Given
• For any real numberr, r 2  0.
• For all real number r, r 2  0.
Some Important Kinds of Mathematical
1. Universal Statement – says thatStatements
a certain property is true for all elements in a
set. “For all”
Exampl All positive numbers are greater than zero.
e:
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

2. Conditional Statement – says if one thing is true then some other thing also has
to be true. “If – then”
Exampl If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.
e: Statement – says that there is at least one thing for which the
3. Existential
property is true.
Exampl There is a prime number that is even
e: Conditional Statement – a statement that is both universal and
4. Universal
conditional.
Exampl For all animals a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
e:
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

• They can be re-written in ways that make them appear to be purely

universal or purely conditional.
Exampl
es:• If a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
• If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal.
• For all dogs a, a is a mammal.
• All dogs are mammals.
Rewriting a Universal Conditional
Direction: Fill in the blanks toStatement
rewrite the following statement:
For all real number x, if x is nonzero then is positive.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

positive
1. If a real number is nonzero, then its square _______.
is positive
2. For all nonzero real number x, ___________.
𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
3. If x _________________________, then ____________.
positive
positive
4. The square of any nonzero real number is _______.
positive squares
5. All nonzero real number have ______________.

What is Universal Existential

Statements
• A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain
property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because
its second part asserts the existence of something.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Exampl Every real number has an additive inverse.

es: • All real numbers have additive inverses.
• For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
• For all real numbers r, there is a real s, such that s is an additive
inverse .
Rewriting a Universal Existential
Direction: Fill in the blanks Statement
to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
has a lid
1. All pots _______.
lid for P
2. For all pots P, there is a________.
L is a lid for P
3. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that ____________.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

What is Existential Universal

Statements
• A statement that is existential because its first part asserts that a certain
object exists and is universal because its second part says that the
object satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Exampl There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every
es: positive integer.
Rewriting a Existential Universal
Direction: Fill in the blanks Statement
to rewrite the following statement:
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every
person in my class.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

1. Some _______________
person in my class is at least as old as _____________________
every person in my class .
2. There is a person p in my class that p is at least as old as every person in my class
__________________________________.
3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every person q in my
class, p is ________________.
at least as old as q

The Language of Sets

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objectives.
• It usually represented by capital letters.
• The objects of a set are separated by commas.
• The objectives that belong in a set are the elements, or members of the set.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

• It can be represented by listing its elements between braces.

• A set is said to be well – defined if the elements in a set are specifically listed.
Exampl
A =es:
{a, e, I, o, u} B = {set of plane figures} C = {Ca, Au, Ag}
Notation
• If S is a set, the notation.
► x Є S means that x is an element of S.
► x S means that x is not element of S.
 GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

• A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.

► { 1, 2, 3, …, 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100.

► { 1, 2, 3, …} refer to the set of all positive integers.
• A symbol … is called ellipses and is read “and so forth”.
Using the Set –Roster Notation
• A set may be specified using the set – roster notation by writing all elements
between braces .
Exampl
• Letes:
A = {1,2,3,}, B = {3,2,1}, and C = {1,1,2,2,3,3,3}. What are the element of A, B,
and C? How are A, B, and C related?
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Exampl
1. Lete:A = {1,2,3,}, B = {3,2,1}, and C = {1,1,2,2,3,3,3}. What are the element of A,
B, and C? How are A, B, and C related?
A,B, and C have exactly the same three elements, 1,2, and 3. Therefore
A,B, and C are simply represented in different ways. .
• Is {0} = 0?
{0} ≠ 0 because {0} is a set with one element, namely 0, whereas
0 is just a symbol that represents the number. .
2. How many elements are in the set {1,{1}}?
The set {1,{1}} has two elements: 1 and the set whose only element is 1.
.
 GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Exampl
e:each non-negative integer n, let Un {n, n}.FindU1,U 2,andU0.
3. For
U {1, 1},U {2,  2},U {0,  0}{0,0}{0}.
1 2 0

Cartesian Sets of Numbers

Some important sets are the following:
1. N = {1, 2, 3, …} = the set of natural numbers.
2. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …} = the set of whole numbers.
3. Z = {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…} = the set of integers.
4. Q = the set of rational numbers (non terminating, non repeating decimals).
5. Q’ = the set of irrational numbers (terminating, non repeating decimals).
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

6. R = the set of real numbers

7. C = the set of complex numbers
Set –Builder Notation
• Let S denote and let P(x) be a property that elements of S may or may not
satisfy. We define a new set to be the set of all elements x in S such that P(x) is
true. We denote this set as follows:

xS P  x  
the set of all such that
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Using the Set –Builder Notation

• Given that R the set of real numbers, Z the set of all integers, and Z+ the set of
all positive integers, describe the following sets:


a) x 2  x  5 
Solutio
n:

 x 2  x  5 
 
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World


b) xZ 2  x  5 
Solutio
n: xZ 2  x  5 is the set of all integers
strictly  between  2 and 5. It is equal to the
set 1,0,1,2,3,4


c) xZ  2  x  5 
Solutio
n: Since all the integers in Z are positive,

 xZ   2  x  5  1,2,3,4
 
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Definition Regarding
Sets
• A set a finite if the number of elements is countable.
Exampl
A =es:
{even numbers less than 10}
B = {days in a week}
• A set a infinite if the numbers of elements cannot be counted.
Exampl
A =es:
{even numbers greater than 20}
B = {odd numbers}
C = {stars in the sky}
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Equal and Equivalent

Sets
Equal sets are set with exactly the same elements and cardinality.
Exampl
A =es:
{c, a, r, e}
B = {r, a, c, e}
Equivalent sets are set with the same number of elements or cardinality.
Exampl
A =es:
{a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Joint and Disjoint Sets

Joint sets are set with common elements (intersection).

Exampl
A =es:
{c, a, r, e}
B = {b, e, a, r, s}
Disjoint sets are set with no common elements.
Exampl
Thees:
set A = {a, b, c} and B = {e, f, g} are disjoint sets, since no elements is common.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

The Language of Relations and Functions

Relations abound in daily life. People are related to each other in many ways as
parents and children, teachers, students, employers, employees, and many others.
In business things that are bought are related to their cost and the amount paid is
related to the number of things bought.
• A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to
a second set of values (called the range).
• The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a
rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

• A relation is also a set of ordered pair (x, y).

Exampl
R = e:
{(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}
A Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
x  y is aninteger.
 x, y  A x B,  x, y R means that
2
1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.
2. Is 1 relate to 3? Is 2 relate to 3? Is 2 relate to 2?.
3. What are the domain and range of R?
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
x  y is aninteger.
 x, y  A x B,  x, y R means that
2

1. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.

A x B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}.
1,1 R because 121  02  0  2,1 R because 221  12
1,2 R because 122  21  2, 2 R because 2 2 2  02  0
1,3 R because 123  22 1  2, 3 R because 2 2 3  21
Thus, R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2)}.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
x  y is aninteger.
 x, y  A x B,  x, y R means that
2

2. Is 1 relate to 3? Is 2 relate to 3? Is 2 relate to 2?.

1,1 R because 121  02  0  2,1 R because 221  12

1,2 R because 122  21  2, 2 R because 2 2 2  02  0
1,3 R because 123  22 1  2, 3 R because 2 2 3  21
Yes, 1 relate 3 because (1,3) R. Yes, 2 relate 2 because (2,2) R.
No, 2 relate 3 because (2,3) R.
GED 141 Mathematics in the Modern World

Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R from A to B as follows: Given any
x  y is aninteger.
 x, y  A x B,  x, y R means that
2

3. What are the domain and range of R?

The domain of R is (1, 2) and the range is { 1, 2, 3}.

Thank You and

God Bless!