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Chapter 1 Introduction To Machine Learning

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows software to improve automatically through experience. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled historical data to train models to predict new output values accurately. Unsupervised learning identifies underlying patterns in unlabeled data and groups data with similar characteristics. Reinforcement learning allows models to learn from interactions with an environment through trial-and-error using rewards and punishments.

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Shreeji Modh
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68 views

Chapter 1 Introduction To Machine Learning

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows software to improve automatically through experience. There are three main types of machine learning: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning uses labeled historical data to train models to predict new output values accurately. Unsupervised learning identifies underlying patterns in unlabeled data and groups data with similar characteristics. Reinforcement learning allows models to learn from interactions with an environment through trial-and-error using rewards and punishments.

Uploaded by

Shreeji Modh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Machine

Learning
What is Machine Learning
 Machine learning (ML) is a type of artificial
intelligence (AI) that allows software applications
to become more accurate at predicting outcomes
without being explicitly programmed to do so.

 Machine learning algorithms use historical data as


input to predict new output values.
 Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):
Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
• Improve their performance P
• at some task T
• with experience E. A well-defined learning task is given
by <P,T,E>.

 In simple words, the more you learn (through


experience, courses, training or anything else)the more
capable you become at carrying out tasks based on
learning objectives.
 So, we can say that performance at given task is

directly proportional to the experience.

P{T} ∝ E
When Do We Use Machine Learning?
 ML is used when:
 Human expertise does not exist (navigating
on Mars)
 Humans can’t explain their expertise (speech
recognition)
 Models must be customized (personalized
medicine)
 Models are based on huge amounts of data
(genomics)
Working of Machine Learning
Input Data Training Data

Train the Machine


Learning Algorithm

Trained Model

Test the Model with


new input

Is the
No model Yes Machine Learning
performing Model Ready
correctly
Types of Machine Learning
Supervised Learning
 Supervised learning is the types of machine
learning in which machines are trained using well
"labelled" training data, and on basis of that data,
machines predict the output. The labelled data
means some input data is already tagged with the
correct output.

 Supervised learning is used for classification and


regression.
Supervised Learning
 In supervised learning, we require the help of
previously collected data in order to train our
models.

 A model based on supervised learning would


require both previous data and the previous
results as input.

 By training with this data, the model helps in


predicting results that are more accurate.
Supervised Learning

New input
(What is this)
Unsupervised Learning
 Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning in
which models are trained using unlabeled dataset and
are allowed to act on that data without any supervision.

 Unsupervised learning cannot be directly applied to a


regression or classification problem because unlike
supervised learning, we have the input data but no
corresponding output data. The goal of unsupervised
learning is to find the underlying structure of dataset,
group that data according to similarities, and represent
that dataset in a compressed format.
Unsupervised Learning
 Unsupervised learning needs no previous data as
input. It is the method that allows the model to
learn on its own using the data, which you give.

 Here, the data is not labelled, but the algorithm


helps the model in forming clusters of similar
types of data.
Unsupervised Learning
Example:

Suppose the unsupervised learning algorithm is given an input


dataset containing images of different types of cats and dogs. The
algorithm is never trained upon the given dataset, which means it
does not have any idea about the features of the dataset. The task of
the unsupervised learning algorithm is to identify the image features
on their own. Unsupervised learning algorithm will perform this task
by clustering the image dataset into the groups according to
similarities between images.
Reinforcement Learning
 Treat reinforcement learning as learning from
mistake.
 The reinforcement learning algorithm work very

similar to how you learn by yourself without any


guidance – basically hit and trial.
 When u get something right u get reward and u

move ahead and when u get something wrong, u


get a penalty, u take a step back and then u try to
avoid the incorrect path while exploring another
correct path.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning
 States: The observation, the agent does on the
environment after performing an action

 Action: An action that the agent performs on the


environment based on its observation

 Reward: The feedback the agent receives based


on the action it performed. If the feedback is
positive, it receives a reward and if the feedback is
negative, it receives a punishment.
Challenges in Machine Learning
 Data Labelling
 Shortage of Experts
 Obtaining massive training data sets
 Hard to explain problems
 Limited possibilities to reuse model
 Bias in data and algorithm.
Major Application of Machine
Learning
 Medical advancement
 E-commerce and Marketing
 Financial Sector
 Weather Patterns
 Media and Entertainment
Comparison between Supervised and
unsupervised learning
Comparison Attribute Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning

Training dataset Both input and output Only input


contains
Used for Classification and Finding patterns and
Prediction understanding data
Training Data Is Labelled Not labelled

Number of targets Known Beforehand Not known

Feedback from user Provided Not provided

Complexity High Low


Thank you

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