National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)

Department of Basic Sciences

Linear Algebra & Ordinary Differential

Equations
MATH-121
Lecture # 1

Course Instructor: Dr Saira Zainab

Ph. # 03325193283
Email: [email protected]
Office # 207, IAEC, SEECS
1
Some Relevant Information
Linear Algebra & Ordinary Differential Equations

Course Code: MATH-121 Semester: 2nd

Credit Hours: 3+0 Prerequisite Codes:  NIL

Instructor: Dr. Saira Zainab Class: BEE13 CD

BESE12 B
Office: 207 IAEC Telephone: 03325193283

Lecture Days: Monday, Wednesday, E-mail: [email protected]

Thursday
Class Room: CR-17,18,20(IAEC) Consulting Hours: Tuesday 9:00-1:00 Friday 9:30-11:30

Lab Engineer:  N/A Lab Engineer  N/A

Email:

Knowledge  Dr Quanita Kiran, Dr Rai Updates on LMS: After every Lecture
Group: Sajjad,
Dr Hina Munir Dutt(KGH)
Objectives of the course
The successful completion of the course should develop
the ability to select an appropriate and efficient method
for solving linear system of equations.
The handling with the Eigenvalue problems which are
extensively studied for example in resonance and
vibration theory.
The understanding of Ordinary Differential Equations
which is a strong tool for Mathematical Modeling.
The Understanding of Laplace transforms with
applications in various engineering/technological
concepts.
Course Learning Outcomes
CLO1: Solve the system of linear equations using matrices and
determinants.

CLO2: Explain concept of vector spaces, Linear Transformations

and applications.

CLO3: Solve ordinary differential equations using various

techniques including Laplace transform and engineering
applications.
Topics to be covered in this course

• Linear Algebra
• First Order Ordinary Differential Equations
• Linear Differential Equations of Higher Order
• Non-Homogeneous Linear Equations with constant
coefficients
• Non-Homogeneous Linear Equations with Variable
Coefficients
• Laplace Transform
Reference/Text Books
• Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Erwin Kreyszig
• Differential Equations with boundary value problems
Dennis G. Zill and Michael Cullen

• Introductory Linear Algebra

B. Kolman, David R Hill
• Linear Algebra with Applications
Gareth Williams
• Modern Engineering Mathematics
Glyn Jame
 Linear Algebra
• Basic Concepts
(Matrix Addition. Scalar Multiplication, Matrix Multiplication)
• Linear Systems of Equations
(Gauss Elimination)
• Solution of Linear Systems
(Existence, Uniqueness, General Form)
• Inverse of a Matrix
(Gauss-Jordan Elimination)
• Vector Spaces,
(Sub Spaces and Linear Transformations, Linear dependence/
independence, spanning set, basis)
• Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Today’s Lecture

• Basic Concepts

• Matrix Addition

• Scalar Multiplication

• Matrix Multiplication
Introduction
Matrix algebra has at least two advantages:
•Reduces complicated systems of equations to simple expressions
•Adaptable to systematic method of mathematical treatment and well
suited to computers

Definition:
A matrix is a set or group of numbers arranged in a square or rectangular
array enclosed by two brackets

1  1  4 2
 3 0
a b 
c d 
   
Introduction
Properties:
•A specified number of rows and a specified number of columns
•Two numbers (rows x columns) describe the dimensions or size of
the matrix.

Examples:
3x3 matrix
1 2 4 
2x4 matrix
4  1 5 1 1
  
3  3
 1  1
1x2 matrix 3 3 3 0 0 3 2 
 Introduction
A matrix is denoted by a bold capital letter and the elements within the matrix
are denoted by lower case letters
e.g. matrix [A] with elements aij

Amxn=
 a11 a12 ... aij ain 
a a22 ... aij 
a2 n 
 21
    
 
am1 am 2 aij amn 
Types of Matrices
1. Column matrix or vector
The number of rows may be any integer but the number of columns is
always 1.
2. Row matrix or vector
Any number of columns but only one row.
3. Rectangular matrix
Contains more than one element and number of rows is not equal to the number of
columns.
4. Square matrix
The number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
5. Diagonal matrix
A square matrix where all the elements are zero except those on the main diagonal.
6. Unit or Identity matrix - I
A diagonal matrix with ones on the main diagonal
Types of Matrices
7. Null (zero) matrix - 0
All elements in the matrix are zero.
8. Triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above or below the main diagonal are all zero.
8a. Upper triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements below the main diagonal are all zero.
8b. Lower triangular matrix
A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal are all zero.
9. Scalar matrix
A diagonal matrix whose main diagonal elements are equal to the same scalar.
A scalar is defined as a single number or constant.
Matrices - Operations
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding elements are equal.
Therefore, their size or dimensions are equal as well.
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
cij  aij  bij
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element).
Matrices - Operations
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal only when all corresponding elements are equal.
Therefore, their size or dimensions are equal as well.
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
cij  aij  bij
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element).
Multiplication of Matrices
Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication to be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows of B.
Matrices - Operations
Inverse of A Matrix
The inverse of a square matrix, A, if it exists, is the unique matrix A-1 where:
AA-1 = A-1 A = I
Properties of the inverse
( AB) 1  B 1 A1
( A1 ) 1  A
( AT ) 1  ( A1 )T
1 1
( kA) 1  A
k
Determinant of A Matrix
If A is (n x n), its determinant may be defined in terms of order (n-1) or less.
Determinants
Minors
If A is an n x n matrix and one row and one column are deleted, the resulting
matrix is an (n-1) x (n-1) submatrix of A.
The determinant of such a submatrix is called a minor of A and is designated
by mij , where i and j correspond to the deleted row and column, respectively.
mij is the minor of the element aij in A.

Cofactors
The cofactor Cij of an element aij is defined as:
Cij  ( 1) i  j mij
Determinants
The determinant of an n x n matrix A can now be defined as:

Adjoint of a Matrix
The adjoint matrix of A, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of its cofactor
matrix.