Lecture # 4 Matrix Operations AS

APPLIED LINER ALGEBRA
B.Sc. Industrial Engineering &

Management
Semester: 2nd
Session: 2020-24
Lecture # 03
1 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

Learning Tour
 Matrices
 Vector & Matrix
 Matrix Operations
 Addition, Subtraction
 Scalar Multiplications
 Rules
 Exercise

Vector & Matrices
 Column & Row Vectors

 m ×1 matrix & 1 × n matrix
 two-dimensional column vector.
 three-dimensional row vector
 Any m-dimensional vector corresponds to a directed line
segment in the m-dimensional plane. For example, in the two-
dimensional plane, the vector
corresponds to the line segment joining the point

Vector & Matrices
 The directed line segments corresponding to
ONLY Two
dimensional
Vectors

Addition of Vectors

Scalar Multiplication
 A + A OR 2A
 The scalar product of a number k and a matrix A is
the matrix denoted by kA, obtained by multiplying each
entry of A by the number k . The number k is called a
scalar. In mathematical notation,
kA   kaij 
 For c = - 1, scalar multiplication of the matrix A is

sometimes written as -A.
Scalar – Matrix Multiplication
 Multiplication of a matrix A by a scalar is defined as

 a11 a12  a1n 
 
  a  a  a 2n 
A   21 22

 
 
 am1 am 2  amn 
 Examples
1 2  4 8 
  4, A  , A   0 4 
 0 1   
1 4 1   2  8  2
  2, A    , A    4 0  6 
 2 0 3  
Scalar Multiplication
 If A is an m × n matrix and c is a real number,

then cA is the m × n matrix obtained by
multiplying all the entries of A by c.
(We usually use lowercase letters c, d, e, ...
to denote scalars.) Thus, the ij th entry of
cA is given by
(cA)ij = c(Aij )

Example of scalar multiplication
 Find (-1) A where  Solution:

 (-1) A=
 1 2 3
 A=    1 2 3
 6 7 9   -1  6 7 9 
 0 4 8   0 4 8 
 1 2 3  1 2 3
 (1)  6 7 9    6 7 9 
 0 4 8   0 4 8

Alternate definition of subtraction of
matrices:
 The definition of  If A and B are two

subtract of two real matrices of the
numbers a and b is same dimensions,
 a – b = a + (-1)b or a then
plus the opposite of b.  A – B = A + (-1)B,
 We can define where -1 is a
subtraction of scalar.
matrices similarly:
An example
 The example at  Solution:

right illustrates this 1 2   5 6  1 2 
procedure for 2  3 4    7 8   3 4 
     
2X2 matrices.
 5 6  1 2   5 6 
(1)      
 7 8   3 4    7  8 
 4 4 
 4 4 
 
Self- Test
 The revenue generated by sales in the Vancouver and Quebec

branches of the A-Plus auto parts store was as follows:
 If the Canadian dollar was worth $0.65 U.S. at the time,

compute the revenue in U.S. dollars.
Self- Test
Solution :
We need to multiply each revenue figure by 0.65. Let A
be the matrix of revenue figures in Canadian dollars:

Combining Operations
 Evaluate the following: 4A, xB, and A + 3C.
 Solution First, we find 4A by multiplying each entry of A by 4:
 Similarly, we find xB by multiplying each entry of B by x:
 We get A + 3C in two steps as follows:

Self- Test
 Evaluate the following

 2A − C 18. ● 2A + 0.5C

Identity Matrix
 Identity Matrix 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I 
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

 The identity matrix has the property that if A is a square
matrix, then
IA  AI  A

Rules of Matrix Addition & Scalar
Multiplication
 If A, B, and C are any m × n matrices and if O is the zero m × n

matrix, then the following hold:
 A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C Associative law
 A+B=B+A Commutative law
 A + O = O + A = A Additive identity law
 A + (−A) = O = (−A) + A Additive inverse law
 c(A + B) = cA + cB Distributive law
 (c + d)A = cA + dA Distributive law
 1A = A Scalar unit
 0A = O Scalar zero
Self- Test
Inventory The Left Coast Bookstore chain has two stores, one in San Francisco and one
in Los Angeles. It stocks three kinds of book: hardcover, softcover, and plastic (for
infants).
At the beginning of January, the central computer showed the following books in stock:
Suppose its sales in January were as follows: 700 hardcover books, 1300 softcover
books, and 2000 plastic books sold in San Francisco, and 400 hardcover, 300
softcover, and 500 plastic books sold in Los Angeles.
Write these sales figures in the form of a matrix, and then show how matrix algebra can
be used to compute the inventory remaining in each store at the end of January.

Lecture # 4 Matrix Operations AS

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Lecture # 4 Matrix Operations AS

Uploaded by

APPLIED LINER ALGEBRA

B.Sc. Industrial Engineering &

1 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

2 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 Column & Row Vectors

corresponds to the line segment joining the point

3 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

4 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

5 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 For c = - 1, scalar multiplication of the matrix A is

 Multiplication of a matrix A by a scalar is defined as

 If A is an m × n matrix and c is a real number,

8 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 Find (-1) A where  Solution:

9 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 The definition of  If A and B are two

 The example at  Solution:

 The revenue generated by sales in the Vancouver and Quebec

 If the Canadian dollar was worth $0.65 U.S. at the time,

13 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 Evaluate the following: 4A, xB, and A + 3C.

 Solution First, we ﬁnd 4A by multiplying each entry of A by 4:

 Similarly, we ﬁnd xB by multiplying each entry of B by x:

 We get A + 3C in two steps as follows:

14 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 Evaluate the following

15 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

16 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

 If A, B, and C are any m × n matrices and if O is the zero m × n

18 Applied Linear Algebra- 2020-24

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