School of Electrical& Computer Engineering

Digital Logic Design

Chapter 1
Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
 Outline of Chapter 1
 1.1 Digital Systems
 1.2 Binary Numbers
 1.3 Number-base Conversions
 1.4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
 1.5 Complements
 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
 1.7 Binary Codes
 Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
 Digital computers
 General purposes
 Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
 Digital systems
 Telephone switching exchanges
 Digital camera
 Electronic calculators, PDA's(personal digital assistant)
 Digital TV
 Discrete information-processing systems
 Manipulate discrete elements of information
 For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…
 Analog and Digital Signal

 Analog system
 The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over a specified
range.
 Digital system
 The physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values.
 Greater accuracy
X(t) X(t)

t t
Analog signal Digital signal
 Binary Digital Signal
 An information variable represented by physical quantity.
 For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
 Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
 Digits 0 and 1
 Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T) V(t)
 Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
 And words On and Off Logic 1
 Binary values are represented by values
or ranges of values of physical quantities. undefine

Logic 0
t
Binary digital signal
 Decimal Number System
 Base (also called radix) = 10
 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
 Digit Position
 Integer & fraction 2 1 0 -1 -2

 Digit Weight 5 1 2 7 4
 Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
 Sum of “Digit x Weight”
 Formal Notation
500 10 2 0.7 0.04

d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

(512.74)10
 Octal Number System
 Base = 8
 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 64 8 1 1/8 1/64

 Magnitude 5 1 2 7 4
 Sum of “Digit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2

=(330.9375)10
(512.74)8
 Binary Number System
 Base = 2
 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
 Weights
4 2 1 1/2 1/4
 Weight = (Base) Position
 Magnitude 1 0 1 0 1
 Sum of “Bit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation 1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
 Groups of bits 4 bits = Nibble 1 0 1 1
=(5.25)10
8 bits = Byte 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
(101.01)2
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Base = 16
 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
 Weights
 Weight = (Base) Position 256 16 1 1/16 1/256

 Magnitude 1 E 5 7 A
 Sum of “Digit x Weight” 2 1 0 -1 -2
 Formal Notation
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2

=(485.4765625)10
(1E5.7A)16
 The Power of 2

n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

 Binary Addition
 Column Addition

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 = 61
+ 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 = 84

≥ (2)10
 Binary Subtraction
 Borrow a “Base” when needed

= (10)2
2 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 = 77
− 1 0 1 1 1 = 23

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = 54
 Binary Multiplication
 Bit by bit

1 0 1 1 1
x 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Number Base Conversions
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)

Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Evaluate
Magnitude
 Decimal (Integer) to Binary Conversion
 Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the quotient and repeat the division

Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6 /2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3 /2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1 /2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

MSB LSB
 Decimal (Fraction) to Binary Conversion
 Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
 Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
 Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division

Example: (0.625)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8
 Binary − Octal Conversion
Octal Binary
 8 = 23
 Each group of 3 bits represents an octal 0 000
digit 1 001

2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011

( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

 Binary − Hexadecimal Conversion
Hex Binary
 16 = 24 0 0000
1 0001
 Each group of 4 bits represents a 2 0010
hexadecimal digit 3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
Assume Zeros 6 0110
Example: 7 0111
8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111

Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)

 Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion
 Convert to Binary as an intermediate step

Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4 )16

Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)

Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
0 0000 00 0
1 0001 01 1
2 0010 02 2
3 0011 03 3
4 0100 04 4
5 0101 05 5
6 0110 06 6
7 0111 07 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
 1.5 Complements
 There are two types of complements for each base-r system: the radix complement and
diminished radix complement.
 Diminished Radix Complement - (r-1)’s Complement
 Given a number N in base r having n digits, the (r–1)’s complement of N is
defined as:
(rn –1) – N
 Example for 6-digit decimal numbers:
 9’s complement is (rn – 1)–N = (106–1)–N = 999999–N
 9’s complement of 546700 is 999999–546700 = 453299
 Example for 7-digit binary numbers:
 1’s complement is (rn – 1) – N = (27–1)–N = 1111111–N
 1’s complement of 1011000 is 1111111–1011000 = 0100111
 Observation:
 Subtraction from (rn – 1) will never require a borrow
 Diminished radix complement can be computed digit-by-digit
 For binary: 1 – 0 = 1 and 1 – 1 = 0
 Complements
 1’s Complement (Diminished Radix Complement)
 All ‘0’s become ‘1’s
 All ‘1’s become ‘0’s

Example (10110000)2
 (01001111)2
 Complements
 Radix Complement

r’s complement = (r-1)’s+1 =[(rn  1) – N] + 1.

 Example: Base-10

The 10's complement of 012398 is 987602

The 10's complement of 246700 is 753300

 Example: Base-2

The 2's complement of 1101100 is 0010100

The 2's complement of 0110111 is 1001001
 Complements
 2’s Complement (Radix Complement)
 Take 1’s complement then add 1
Example: the 2’s complement of 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1’s Comp.:

10110000
01001111
+ 1
01010000
 Complements
 Subtraction with Complements
 1’s complement subtraction
» Subtraction can be done using addition only
» Subtraction is performed in two cases
I. Subtraction of smaller number from larger number
Methods:
1. Determine 1’s complements of smaller numbers
2. Add the 1’s complement to larger number
3. Add its carry to the final result
 Complements
 1’s complement subtraction
II . Subtraction of larger number from smaller number
Methods:
»Determine 1’s complements of larger numbers
»Add the 1’s complement to smaller number
»To get the final result, perform the 1’s complement of step 2
result again and assign the –ve sign
 Complements
 2’s complement subtraction
» Subtraction is accomplished only by addition
» Subtraction is performed in two cases
I. Subtraction of smaller number from larger number
Methods:
1. Determine 2’s complements of smaller numbers
2. Add the 2’s complement to larger number
3. Discard the carry
 Complements
 2’s complement subtraction
II . Subtraction of larger number from smaller number
Methods:
1.Determine 2’s complements of larger numbers
2.Add the 2’s complement to smaller number
3.To get the final result, perform the 2’s complement of step
2 result again and then assign the –ve sign
 Complements
 Example 1
 Using 10's complement, subtract 72532 – 3250.

 Example 2
 Using 10's complement, subtract 3250 – 72532.

There is no end
carry.

Therefore, the answer is – (10's complement of 30718) =  69282.

 Complements
 Example 3
 Given the two binary numbers X = 1010100 and Y = 1000011, perform the
subtraction (a) X – Y ; and (b) Y  X, by using 2's complement.

There is no end carry.

Therefore, the answer is Y
– X =  (2's complement of
1101111) =  0010001.
 Complements
 Subtraction of unsigned numbers can also be done by means of the (r  1)'s
complement.
 Remember that the (r  1) 's complement is one less then the r's complement.
 Example 4
 Repeat Example 3 , but this time using 1's complement.

There is no end carry,

Therefore, the answer is Y –
X =  (1's complement of
1101110) =  0010001.
 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
 To represent negative integers, we need a notation for negative
values.
 It is customary to represent the sign with a bit placed in the
leftmost position of the number since binary digits.
 The convention is to make the sign bit 0 for positive and 1 for
negative.
 Example: Represent -9 in 3 different types using 8-bits

 Table 1.3 lists all possible four-bit signed binary numbers in the
three representations.
Signed Binary Numbers
Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
 Using the signed number notation with negative numbers in 2’s
complement form simplifies addition and subtraction of signed numbers
 Arithmetic addition:
 Add the two signed numbers.
 Discard any final carries.
 The result is in signed form.
 Examples:
 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
 Note that if the number of bits required for the answer is
exceeded, overflow will occur.
 This occurs only if both numbers have the same sign.
 The overflow will be indicated by an incorrect sign bit.
 Two examples are:
 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
 Arithmetic Subtraction:
 2’s complement the subtrahend and
 add the numbers. Discard any final carries.
 The result is in signed form.
 Repeat the examples done previously, but subtract:

 2’s complement subtrahend and add:

 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers

 In 2’s-complement form:

1. Take the 2’s complement of the subtrahend (including the sign bit)
and add it to the minuend (including sign bit).
2. A carry out of sign-bit position is discarded.

(  A)  (  B )  (  A)  (  B )
(  A)  (  B )  (  A)  (  B )
 Example:

( 6)  ( 13) (11111010  11110011)

(11111010 + 00001101)
00000111 (+ 7)
 1.7 Binary Codes
 BCD Code
 A number with k decimal digits will
require 4k bits in BCD.
 Decimal 396 is represented in BCD
with 12bits as 0011 1001 0110, with
each group of 4 bits representing one
decimal digit.
 A decimal number in BCD is the
same as its equivalent binary number
only when the number is between 0
and 9.
 The binary combinations 1010
through 1111 are not used and have
no meaning in BCD.
 Binary Code
 Example:
 Consider decimal 185 and its corresponding value in BCD and binary: