1

Lesson 04: Primitive Data Types

and Operations I

SOLAF ALI HUSSAIN

University of Sulaimani
College of Science
Department of Computer

22 Dec. 2021 Problem Solving and Programming Concepts

 Objectives
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 To know about:
 Data and data types.
 Naming variables, constants, methods, and classes.
 Using of variables to store data.
 Using constants to store permanent data.
 Programs with assignment statements and expressions.
 Using Java operators to write expressions.
 Being familiar with Java documentation, programming
style.
 Naming conventions in java.
 Fundamental Building Blocks of
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Programs
 There are two basic aspects of programming:
 Data: To work with data, you need to understand
variables and types.
 Instructions: to work with instructions, you need to
understand control structures and subroutines.
 Variables and Data Types (1)
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 Variables are used to store data in a program.

 Variables represents a value stored in computer’s memory.
 A variable is just a memory location that has been given a
name.
 Variables are for representing data of a certain type.
 Variables and Data Types (2)
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 Type: A category or set of data values.

 The term data type refers to the type of data that can be
stored.
 Java's Primitive Types and Strings
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Type Description Size Examples
byte Integer 1 byte (up to 27 - 1)
short Integer 2 byte (up to 215 - 1)
(up to 231 - 1)
int Integer 4 byte
42, -3, 0, 926394
long Integer 8 byte (up to 263 – 1)
Primitive (up to 10308)
data types double Real number 8 byte
3.1, -0.25, 9.4e3
float Real number 4 byte
2 byte for
char Single text character Unicode 'a‘ , 'X‘ ,'?‘ , ‘4’, '\n'
characters
boolean Logical value 1 bit of memory ? true , false
Non- “program”,
Primitive
type
String
Sequence of
characters ? “Computer”, “science”,
“a”, “4”
 Declaring Variables
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 Every variable must be declared, before it can be used.

 The syntax for declaring a variable is:
datatype variableName;
Memory
 Examples:
o int mark; mark
o double radius;
radius
o double interestRate;
o char firstChar;
interestRate

firstChar
 Assignment Statement
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 After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it

by using an assignment (=) statement.
 The syntax for assignment statements is as follows:
variable = expression;

mark 67
 Examples:
 int mark = 67; radius 4.4
 double radius = 4.4;
 float interestRate = 0.3; interestRate 0.3
 char firstChar = ‘a’;

firstChar a
 Variable Type, Size and Value
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long b = 4

int z = 4 4
short y = 4 4
byte x = 4
4
4 z
b

y
x
byte short int long
1 byte 2 byte 4 byte 8 byte
 Expressions
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 Expression: A computation involving values, variables,

and operators that together evaluates to a value.
 Examples:
 num = 1 + 4 * 5
 num = (7 + 2) * 6 / 3
 Example 1: Writing a Simple Java Program (1)
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 Write a program to calculate result of the following

equation:

 The algorithm for calculating the equation can be described as

follows:
Start
1. Give value of x.
2. Calculate the equation using value of x.
Give value of x
3. Display f.
4. End. Calculate

Output f

Stop
 Example 1: Writing a Simple Java Program (2)
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 Every java program must start with class keyword and have a
main method.

public class ComputeEquation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Step1: give value of x

// Step 2: Calculate the equation using value of x

// Step 3: Display f

}
}
 Example 1: Writing a Simple Java Program (3)
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 The program needs to read x.

 In order to store value of x, the program needs to declare a
variable and assign a value to x.

public class ComputeEquation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Step1: give value of x

int x = 7;// declare and assign x

// Step 2: Calculate the equation using value of x

// Step 3: Display f

}
}
 Example 1: Writing a Simple Java Program (4)
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 Calculate result using the equation.

 The result must be stored in the program, so we need a
variable for the result called f.

public class ComputeEquation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Step1: give value of x

int x = 7;

// Step 2: Calculate the equation using value of x

int f = 2 * x * x + 4 * x + 8;

// Step 3: Display f

}
}
 Example 1: Writing a Simple Java Program (5)
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 Now we can display the result.

public class ComputeEquation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Step1: give value of x

int x = 7;

// Step 2: Calculate the equation using value of x

int f = 2 * x * x + 4 * x + 8;

// Step 3: Display f
System.out.println(f);
}
}
 Example 2 (1)
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 Write a program for calculating area of circle.

 The algorithm for calculating area of circle can be
described as follows:
1. Read the circle’s radius.
2. Compute the area using the following formula:

3. Display the result.

 Example 2 (2)
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public class ComputeArea {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;

radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "

+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Example 2: Trace a Program Execution (1)
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allocate memory
for radius
public class ComputeArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius no value
double area;

radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "

+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Example 2: Trace a Program Execution (2)
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public class ComputeArea {

public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
radius no value
double area;
area no value
radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159; allocate memory

for area
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "
+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Example 2: Trace a Program Execution (3)
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Assign 20 to
public class ComputeArea { radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
radius 20
double area;
area no value
radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "

+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Example 2: Trace a Program Execution (4)
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Compute area, and assign it

public class ComputeArea { to variable area
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; radius 20
double area;
area 1256.636
radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius "

+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Example 2: Trace a Program Execution (5)
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Print the message in

public class ComputeArea { the console
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;

radius = 20;

area = radius * radius * 3.14159;

System.out.println(“Area of circle with radius "

+ radius + " is " + area);
}
}
 Constants
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 A constant represents permanent data that never

changes during the course of the program.
 The general syntax for declaring a constant:
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;

 Examples:
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;
 Arithmetic Operators (1)
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 operator: Combines multiple values or expressions.

 Arithmetic Operators (2)
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 Examples:
 1 + 1 evaluates to 2
 20 % 3 evaluates to 2
 5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
 5.0 / 2 result is 2.5
 5 % 2 is equal to 1
 System.out.println(3 * 4); prints 12
 Q: What is the result of (3 * 4 % 5) ?
 Q: 1 * 2 + 3 * 5 % 4 = ?
 Operator Precedence
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 Java applies the operators in a precise sequence

determined by the rules of operator precedence.
 Algebraic and Java Expressions &
Operator Precedence examples (1)
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Algebra: y = mx + b
Java: y = m * x + b;
3 1 2

Algebra: m =

Java: m = (a + b + c + d) / 5;
5 1 2 3 4
 Precedence examples (1)
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 Precedence examples (2)
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 1 * 2 + 3 * 5 % 4  1 + 8 % 3 * 2 - 9
 \_/  \_/
| |
2 + 3 * 5 % 4 1 + 2 * 2 - 9
 \_/
 \___/
| |
2 + 15 % 4 1 + 4 - 9
 \____/
 \______/
| |
2 + 3 5 - 9
 \_________/
 \________/ |
| -4
5
 Precedence Questions
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 What values result from the following expressions?

 9 / 5
 695 % 20
 7 + 6 * 5
 7 * 6 + 5
 248 % 100 / 5
 6 * 3 - 9 / 4
 (5 - 7) * 4
 6 + (18 % (17 - 12))
 Real Numbers (Type double or float)
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 Examples: 6.022 , -42.0 , 2.143e17

 Placing .0 or . after an integer makes it a double.

 Example: 15 / 2 is 7, but
15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5
 Real Number Example
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 2.0 * 2.4 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0

 \___/
|
4.8 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
 \___/
|
4.8 + 9.0 / 2.0
 \_____/
|
4.8 + 4.5
 \____________/
|
9.3
 Identifiers
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 An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of

letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 Avoid using the dollar sign.
 An identifier cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word.
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.
 An identifier can be of any length.
 Avoid using long identifiers.
 Naming Conventions
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 Sticking with the Java naming conventions makes your programs easy
to read and avoids errors.
 Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
a) Variables and method names:
 With single word variable names, all characters are lower case
 Example: grades, radius, area.
 If the name consists of several words, use lowercase for the first word, and
capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word in the name.
 Example: computeArea, studentName .
b) Constants:
 Capitalize all letters in constants, with more than one word constant use
underscore (_) between the words.
 Example: PI, MAX_VALUE.
c) Class names:
 Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name.
 Example: ComputeArea.
 Why Variables?
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 What's bad about the following code which calculate ?

Assume x = 40.
public class Equation{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println( 40 * 40 + 8 * 40 + 5);
}
}

 Suppose changing number 40 to 35.

 Improve the program using variable.
public class Equation{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 40;
System.out.println( x * x + 8 * x + 5);
}
}
 References
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 http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/home/
 www.prenhall.com/liang
 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/data
types.html
 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/index.html
 http://math.hws.edu/javanotes/c1/s4.html
 cs.nyu.edu/courses/spring07/V22.0101-002/02slide.ppt
 Herbert Schildt, “Java A Beginner’s Guide: Create,
Compile, and Run Java Programs Today,” 5th Ed, page 15.
 Deitel & Deitel, “Java How to Program”, 9th ed, chapter 2,
page 37.
 References
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 Liang, “Introduction to Java Programming”, 10th ed.,

chapter 2, page 33.
 For more information about double and float
numbers see the following references:
 https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-4.
html#jls-4.3.3
 https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolt
s/datatypes.html