Microprocessor - Basic Computer
Uploaded by
Tanveer Ahmed HakroMicroprocessor - Basic Computer
Uploaded by
Tanveer Ahmed HakroQuaid -E- Awam University of Engineering, Science and
Technology Nawabshah
Lecture # 4
MICROPROCESSOR AND INTERFACING
Department of Computer Systems Engineering
BASIC COMPUTER
Basic Computer
The Basic Computer has two components, a processor and
memory
The memory has 4096 words in it
4096 = 212, so it takes 12 bits to select a word in memory
Each word is 16 bits long
CPU RAM
0
15 0
4095
instruction
Program
A sequence of (machine) instructions
(Machine) Instruction
A group of bits that tell the computer to perform a
specific operation (a sequence of micro-operation)
The instructions of a program, along with any needed
data are stored in memory.
The CPU reads the next instruction from memory
It is placed in an Instruction Register (IR).
Control circuitry in control unit then translates the
instruction into the sequence of micro-operations
necessary to implement it.
Instruction Format
A computer instruction is often divided into two parts
An opcode (Operation Code) that specifies the operation for
that instruction
An address that specifies the registers and/or locations in
memory to use for that operation
In the Basic Computer, since the memory contains 4096 (= 212)
words, we needs 12 bit to specify which memory address this
instruction will use
In the Basic Computer, bit 15 of the instruction specifies the
addressing mode (0: direct addressing, 1: indirect addressing)
Since the memory words, and hence the instructions, are 16 bits
long, that leaves 3 bits for the instruction’s opcode
Instruction Format
15 14 1211 0
I Opcode Address
Addressing
mode
Addressing modes
The address field of an instruction can represent either
Direct address: the address in memory of the data to use (the
address of the operand), or
Indirect address: the address in memory of the address in
memory of the data to use
Effective Address (EA)
The address, that can be directly used without modification
to access an operand for a computation-type instruction, or
as the target address for a branch-type instruction
Processor register
A processor has many registers to hold instructions,
addresses, data, etc
The processor has a register, the Program Counter (PC) that
holds the memory address of the next instruction
Since the memory in the Basic Computer only has 4096
locations, the PC only needs 12 bits
In a direct or indirect addressing, the processor needs to
keep track of what locations in memory it is addressing: The
Address Register (AR) is used for this
The AR is a 12 bit register in the Basic Computer
When an operand is found, using either direct or indirect
addressing, it is placed in the Data Register (DR). The
processor then uses this value as data for its operation
The Basic Computer has a single general purpose register –
the Accumulator (AC)
Processor register
Common Bus
Basic computer instructions
Basic instructions
Basic instructions
In Basic Computer, a machine instruction is executed in the
following cycle:
1. Fetch an instruction from memory
2. Decode the instruction and calculate effective address
(EA)
3. Read the EA from memory if the instruction has an
indirect address
(Fetch operand)
4. Execute the instruction
After an instruction is executed, the cycle starts again at step
1, for the next instruction
Memory reference instructions
Register reference instructions
Allah Hafiz
