Programming fundamentals 2

Chapter 1:Array

Miss: Hanan Hardan

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 Arrays in C++
• Data types are of two kinds:
- simple data types (e.g. int, float, double, char)
- Structured data type: (e.g. arrays)

• An array is a collection of two or more adjacent memory cells, called

array elements, that are associated with a particular symbolic name.

• In C++ each array has: name, data type, size

• Several operations are allowed on the array: Read, Write, Search, Sum,
Min, Max, Sort, etc..

• Arrays are of two kinds:

- Arrays of one-dimension
- Arrays of two-dimension

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 One-Dimensional Arrays
• Declaration of one-dimension array
Syntax: atype aname [ size ] ; // uninitialized array
atype aname [ size ] = { initialization list } ;

where
atype is any data type;
aname is the name given to the array;
size represents the number of elements in the array.
initialization list is the list of initial values given to
the array.
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 Declaration of Arrays
For example ,
int x [ 3 ];
- This tells the compiler to associate 3 memory cells
with name x.
- These cells will be adjacent to each other in memory.
- Each element of array x contains a value of integer
type
• More than one array can be declared on a line
int age [10] , height [10] , names [20] ;

• Mix declaration of variables with declaration of arrays

int i , j , age [10] ;

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 Initializing an Array
Example1:
int Y [ 4 ] = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } ;
This initializes array Y to have 4 elements which contain 2, 4, 6, 8.
2 4 6 8
Example2:
int age [ 10 ] = { 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 } ;
Example3:
int age[ 10 ] = { 0 } ;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example4:
int age [ ] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } ;
 Accessing One-Dimensional Array
int x [3]={24,20,10} ;
Array x in memory:
24 20 10

How to process the data stored in an array?

Syntax:
aname [ index ]
- index is the subscript that is used to reference the
desired element.
The array indexing starts from 0 until the fixed size -1.

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 Accessing One-Dimensional Array

Array x in memory:

Index 0 1 2
Values
24 20 10

Accessing the array:

x [0] to access the first element of x
x [1] to access the second element of x
x [2] to access the third element of x
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 Storage of an array in memory
Name memory

C[0] 24
Example:
int C[10]; C[1] 59
C[0]=24; C[2] 35
C[1]=59;
C[3] ...
C[2]=35;
C[4] ...
C[5] ...

C[6] ...

C[7] ...
C[8] ...
C[9] ...
Index
• Example: Write C++ program that output the array elements.
Where L[5]={1,2,3,4,5};

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ()
{
int L [5]={1,2,3,4,5};
for( int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
cout<<L[i] ;
}
}

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• Example: Write C++ program that read array of size 10
integer numbers.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ()
{
int L [10];
cout<<"please enter 10 integer number";
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
cin >> L[i] ;
}
}

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 Examples on One-Dimensional Arrays
• Example 1: Write a C++ program that stores the first 5
integers that are multiples of 5 into array A and reads data into
array B;computes the sum of the two arrays and stores the result
in array C.
# include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{ int A [5] ; //declaring array A of 10 integers
int B [5] , C [5]; //declaring arrays B and C of 10 integers
for ( int i = 0; i <5 ; i++ )
{ A[ i ] = ( i + 1 ) * 5;
cout << “enter new element in array B”;
cin >> B[ i ] ;
C [ i ] = A[ i ] + B [ i ] ;
cout << C [ i ] << “ “ ;
} }
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 Example1..Cont.
The trace of the previous example shows the arrays as
follows if B elements are 7 6 10 13 23:
0 1 2 3 4
A 5 10 15 20 25

0 1 2 3 4
B 7 6 10 13 23

0 1 2 3 4
12 16 25 33 48
C
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 Copying Arrays

• Data types should be identical

• Size should be same
int a [ 10 ] ={7,1,3,5,8,9,1,2,8,4};
int b [ 10 ] ;
for ( i =0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )
;b[i]=a[i]
 Example 2

Example 2:
Write a C++ program to read 10 integers and store them
in array A. Then it finds the even numbers to store them
in array B and the odd numbers to store them in array C.

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 Example 2 .. Cont.
#include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{ int i;
int A [10], B[10], C[10] ;
cout << “ Enter 10 integers : “ ;
for (i=0 ; i <10; i++)
{ cin >> A[i] ;
if (A[i] % 2 == 0)
B[i] = A[i] ;
else
C[i] = A[i];
}
cout << “B element = “ << “ C element = “ << endl;
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
{ cout << B[i] << “ “ << C[i] << endl ;
}
}
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 Examples on One-Dimensional Arrays

Example 3:
The resultant arrays B and C in example 2 contain data
stored in non consecutive locations in the arrays.
Modify the program of example 2 so that the data are
stored in consecutive locations.

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#include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{ int i, j = 0 , k = 0 ;
int A [10], B[10], C[10] ;
for ( i= 0 ; i <10; i++)
{ cin >> A[i] ;
if (A[i] % 2 == 0)
{ B[j]=A[i];
j ++ ; }
else
{ C [k] = A [ i ];
k ++ ;
} }
cout << “B element = “ ;
for (i=0; i<j; i++)
cout << B[i] <<“ “ ;
cout<<endl;
cout << “C element = “ ;
for (i=0; i<k; i++)
cout << C[i] << “ “ ;
}

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 Example 4
The problem:
Write C++ program that searches for an integer in array of 10
integers. A proper message should be printed out.

The Analysis:
A given array of integer numbers is going to be searched in order
to find a given number.

Requirements:
Input: an integer number n, an array A of 10 integers
Output: a message “yes found” or “no not found” according to
weather the number is found or not.

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 The C++ Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main ( )
{
int L [10] ;
int CurElem, SearchVal;
bool Found;
// ------------------------ Reading L ------------------------------
cout<<"Enter 10 integers:";
CurElem = 0 ;
while (CurElem < 10 )
{
cin>> L[CurElem] ;
CurElem = CurElem + 1;
}
//------------------------------ End Reading L ------------------
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cout<< "Enter the number that you ant to search for: ";
cin>>SearchVal;
Found = false;
CurElem = 0;
while (CurElem < 10 && !Found )
{
if (L[CurElem] == SearchVal)
Found = true;
else
CurElem =CurElem + 1;
}
if ( Found == true)
cout<<" Yes, the number is found ";
else
cout<<" No, the number is not found" ;
}

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 Arrays of Two-Dimensions

Syntax ( in C++ ):
atype aname [nrows] [ncolumns] ;

Example:

int B [2] [3] ;

Array in diagram:

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 Arrays of Two-Dimensions

• Reading array of two-dimensions:

Syntax ( in C++ ): After first outer loop Input

]0[ 5 2 9
int B [2] [3] ;
int i , j ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i++ )
for ( j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++ )
cin >> B[ i ] [ j ] ; Input
After second outer loop
]0[ 5 2 9
]1[ 7 0 4

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Example1
Write C++ program that reads array A of size (2 x 3) and finds the sum of the
elements in each row.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ int i, j , Rsum = 0 ;
int B[2][3];
cout << "Enter 6 array elements: " ;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i++ )
for ( j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
cin >> B[i][j] ;
// Process the array now
for ( i = 0 ; i < 2 ; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0 ; j < 3 ; j++)
{ Rsum = Rsum + B[i][j] };
cout << " sum of row no. " <<i<< " is " << Rsum<<endl;
Rsum = 0;
}
}
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 Example2 of Two-Dimensional Array
• Write algorithm and a C++ program that reads an array of size
(3 x 3) and finds the product of the diagonal elements.

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