Integral Calculus

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
INTRODUCTION
• Calculus is a branch of mathematics which uses derivative to analyze the way in
which the values of a function vary.
• Developed on 17th century, Calculus has now applications almost in all areas of
human endeavor: engineering, physics, business, economics, astronomy,
chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology, etc.
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716),
working independently from each other, developed the Calculus in connections
with their work.
• Newton used Calculus in finding the velocity of a moving body, the work done by
force and the centroid of mass of a body.
• Leibniz on the other hand focused on geometric calculation like finding the
tangent and normal to a curve, area bounded by two or more curves, and volume
of a solid.
• Leibniz is the one who initiated the modern notation of dx and ∫.
INTRODUCTION
Calculus is divided into 5 major branches namely:
• Differential Calculus;
• Integral Calculus;
• Differential Equations;
• Calculus of Variations; and
• Calculus of Errors.
Indefinite Integrals
Properties of Integrals
Integration Formulas
In these formulas, u and v denote differentiable functions of some independent variable (say x) and a, n, and C are
constants.
Properties of Integrals
Integration Formulas
In these formulas, u and v denote differentiable functions of some independent variable (say x) and a, n, and C are
constants.
Integrals Calculus
Integrals Calculus
Evaluate the following integrals:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Definite Integral
General Properties of Definite Integral
Fundamental Integration Formulas
The General Power Formula as shown is in the form
The General Power Formula
Problem
Solution:
Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates | Applications of
Integration
There are two methods for finding the area bounded by curves in rectangular coordinates.
These are...
1.by using a horizontal element (called strip) of area, and
2. by using a vertical strip of area.

Integration
Using Horizontal Strip
Integration
Using Vertical Strip
We apply the same principle of using horizontal strip to the vertical strip. Consider the figure below.
Integration
The steps in finding the area can be outlined as follows:
1.Sketch the curve
2. Decide what strip to use and define its limits
3. Apply the appropriate formula based on the strip then integrate.

Example 1 | Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 1
Find the area bounded by the curve y = 9 – x^2 and the x-axis.
Solution:
The required area is symmetrical

with respect to the y-axis, in this
case, integrate the half of the
area then double the result to
get the total area. The use of
symmetry will greatly simplify
our solution most especially to
curves in polar coordinates.
Example 1: Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 1
Find the area bounded by the curve y = 9 – x^2 and the x-axis.
Solution:
Example 2: Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates
Example 2
Solve the area bounded by the curve y = 4x – x^2 and the lines x = -2 and y = 4.
Solution:
Length of Arc in XY-Plane: Applications of Integration
Length of Arc in Polar Plane : Applications of Integration
Recall the
relationship between
polar and rectangular
coordinates:
x=rcosθ
y=rsinθ
Problem
What is the perimeter of the curve r=4(1+sinθ) ?
Solution:
Problem
Solution:
Problem
Solution:
Solids of Revolution by Integration
The solid generated by rotating a plane area about an axis in its plane is called a solid of revolution.
The volume of a solid of revolution may be found by the following procedures:
Circular Disk Method

Circular Disk Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

Example 1: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the curve y^2 = x, the
x-axis and the line x = 2 is revolved about the x-axis.
Solution 1: Circular Disk Method
Example 1: Volumes of Solids of Revolution
Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the curve y^2 = x, the
x-axis and the line x = 2 is revolved about the x-axis.
Solution 2: Cylindrical Shell Method
Thank you.

Integral Calculus

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Integral Calculus

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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1.by using a horizontal element (called strip) of area, and

2. by using a vertical strip of area.

1.Sketch the curve

2. Decide what strip to use and define its limits

3. Apply the appropriate formula based on the strip then integrate.

The required area is symmetrical

Circular Disk Method

Circular Disk Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

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