THE RISE OF CONCERN OVER SCIENCE

AND
TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTVE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BOON OR BANE?
Science and Technology
during the Following Periods

A. Ancient Times
B. Middle Ages
C. Renaissance (17th century)
D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th century
E. S & T in the 19h century
F. S & T in the 20th century
A. Ancient Times
Sumerian Civilization
• 3,500 BC
• Mesopotamia
a place in Western wherein the first ancient times
civilization started.
• Cuneiform
first writing process or system wherein a set of word
pictures represented in symbols made of triangular
marks.
• Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature.
(a) irrigating their fields by constructing dikes and canals.
(b) plant crops and raised some livestock for their own
family consumption and for trade.

• Clothing:provided from woven wool from sheepskin.

• transportation: use of donkey
credited the invention of sailboat.
• built roads in their cities and other commercial places
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• 3,500 BC – 500 BC
• located in the border of the famous
Euphrates and Tigris river in Iraq.

• 2 prominent leaders:
(a) Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
(b) Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC)
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• 5000-3100 BC
• Egypt
desert areas predominantly cover the country but the
presence of the Nile river provide Egypt the necessary
water requirements to support agricultural activities.
• agriculturally inclined and craftsmen.
• shelter: construct their houses using reeds and airdye
mud.

Periods:
• Earliest Egyptian
• Golden Age
• Period of New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)
 GREEK WISE MEN
• Thales (624-547 BC)
reasoned that matter was composed of/
convertible to water.

• Socrates (470-399 BC)

Greek philosopheras become renowned for
his contribution to the field of ethics

• Hippocrates (400BC)
-Greek wise men pioneered in regarding
medicine as a science apart from religion.
He taught that diseases and illness have
natural causes and the human body is capable
of healing or providing vital body mechanisms
to repair itself.
-credited for the oath prescribing physician’s
ethical responsibility.
 GREEK WISE MEN
• Aristotle (384-322)
his part was involved in different areas of
scientific work ranging from gathering
information on the structure and behavior of
plants and animals to their identification,
description, and classification.

• Archimedes (287-212 BC)

-discovery of principles of lever & pulley
- law of Bouyancy

• Pythagoras
-Greek mathematician perfected geometry
as a single logical process/ system.

• Ptolemy (100AD)
-greatest astronomers of the ancient times.
 PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

• Cyrus the Great

- inhabited by the tribes from Central Asia.
-Achieve important development activities that
resulted to becoming a leading nation in the ancient
world.

• Darius I the Great (522-486 BC)

-standard weights & measures, coins of gold silver

• Alexander the Great (355-323 BC)

- Greek culture & influence spread
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• construction of big structures like domes, colosseum,

monuments, stadiums, and other permanent structures.
• Active in developing infrastructure networks that they
construct roads from Rome to other places in Italy and
similarly to Constantinople.

• Constantinople
-landmark of big buildings and trade centers, residential
areas andchurches with decorations of marbles, mosaic
and silver.
-protected from enemy from high & thick walls.
-1435, conquered by Ottoman Turks & declared as their
capital, Istanbul.
ARABIC CIVILIZATION

• Muhammad (570-632 AD)

founder of Islam

• trade & commerce

• Greeks, Indians & Persians influences
significantly contributed to Arab
knowledge in mathematic & knowledge
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• domestically caring for animals for

food and for clothing.

• they work on metals, hand tools, and

farm implements.

• the idea and method of producing

silk started this period.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• Shang Dynasty- 1st dynasty
-development of bronze containers or vessels,
production of silk for clothing and the
development and establishment of system of
writing.

• Chou Dynasty (1122-1027BC) – (255-256 BC)

-Political & cultural behavior and traits were
established during this period.
-farming was improved
-the birth of new technology in agricultural
farming improved farm outputs and some
relief on people particularly engaged in rice
and other crop production.
800 BC- studying and recording eclipses of the
sun.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• Ch’in Dynasty (221-206 BC)

-the name “China” was derived from
Ch’in.
Shih Huang Ti
-He standardized the system of
writings, weights & measures, and the
sizes of the wagon wheels and roads.
-Great Wall of China
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• Han Dynasty
-discovery of healing drugs and herbs
taken from plants and animal parts.
-credited for developing/inventing the
“earthquake weather clock” (now called
seismograph).
-technology of papermaking and
invention of printing press.

• T’ang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

-advances in medicine, invention of
gunpowder, use of coal as a fuel.

• Sung Dynasty
-paper currency and printing of
Confucian classic spread.
-Bigger boats and ships for traveling the
high seas.
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION

• -construction of layouts of its cities featuring

water wells, bathrooms, and waste pipes in
their houses.
• -implication of zero & infinity, square root
& cube root, negative & positive.
B. MiddLe Ages
 Middle Ages

• period between Ancient times & Modern times

• Catholic Church having some sort of wealth and power played an
important role during this period.
• catholic monasteries became the centers of learning and source of
relief for the sick and the needy.
• Scholars put more emphasis in studying the theology rather than
science.
C. Renaissance Period
17th century
 Renaissance Period
• 17th century
• period of rebirth.
• technology of printing books and other documents.
• translation of scientific knowledge from Greek to
Latin.

Great men of art & science:

• Leonardo da vinci
-interested in studying astronomy, anaomy, geology
and mechanics.
-invented motorcar, machinegun & submarine.

• Andreas Versalius
-surgeon & anatomist laid out in detail the first
scientifically accurate description of human anatomy
“On the fabric of the Human Body”.
-recognized as the father of modern medicine.
D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th century
Industrial Revolution
 Industrial Revolution

• labor and other activities are done by human hands, either directly or with
the aid of tools/implements held by hands/with animals guided by man.
• Simple machines (pulley)
• -steam engine which was invented in the late 1600s was improved by
James Watt (1765) a Scottish engineer by inventing the condensing steam
engine.
 Industrial Revolution
• Joseph Black
the discoverer of latent heat in thermodynamics

• 1825
-British engineers constructed the first passenger railway transport.
-within the decade, travelers n Europe & North America used railways.

• Francis Bacon
-through the useful utilization and application of knowledge, the material pursuit and
welfare of society can be advanced and improved.

• Benjamin Franklin
contribution to science was his experiment on electricity.
he invented the lightning rod, device that prevents houses from burning when struck by a
lightning.

• Alessandro Volta
experiments on metals ended up to his invention of the electric battery in 1800.
The unit of electromagnetic force which drives current called “volts” was derived from his
name.
 Industrial Revolution
• Michael Faraday
-conducted experimental work on electromagnetism paving the way for his invention of
electromagnetic conduction.

• Oersted
-revealed that electric current that flowed on wire and deflected the needle of a magnetic
compass.

• Andre Ampere
-explained the magnetic effects in terms of electric currents flowing in small loops and he
deduced the if the flow of electricity produced magnetism, the magnetism should be able
to generate electric current.

• Joseph Henry
-middle of 19th century, he used power electromagnets for lifting heavy loads.

• Samuel Morse
-developed the first practical telegraph
-1835, he developed Morse Code, system of signals composed of dots and dashes combined
to represent letters of the alphabets used in wire telegraph.
 Industrial Revolution
• Thomas Alva Edison
- invented the electric bulb

• Alexander Graham Bell

-invented the first telephone. He had the pleasure of carrying out the world’s first
successful telephone conversation in 1876.

• Heinrich Hertz
-physicist who was able to produce and visualize electromagnetic waves.

• Guglielmo Marconi
-Italian physicist who developed the wireless telegraph apparatus which was
patented in 1990. In his contribution, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909.
E. S& T in the 19th century
 E. S& T in the 19th century

• marked a crucial point in the relationship of S &T

• “Science-based industries”
• the products produced in these industries were coal tar dye manufacture
and electrical power generation and machinery.
• this period emerged the “Industrial Research Laboratory”
• The basic scientific discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 by
Michael Faraday “The epitome of the pure scientist” preceded by about 50
yrs its technical exploitation on a large scale: the construction of the first
public power stations.
• Current-generating dynamo, primitive version of which he developed soon
after discovering electromagnetic induction (1880)
F. S& T in the 20th century
 F. S& T in the 20th century

• the growth of “Industrial Research Laboratory”

• birth of German coal-tar industry, industry research laboratory.
• -139 research laboratories were established in American industry.
• Alexander Graham Bell’s Laboratory (Boston)
• Bell Telephone Laboratories
• American Telephone & Telegraph -parent company of BTL