Streams and Input/Output Files
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MITMCAStreams and Input/Output Files
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MITMCAStreams and Input/Output Files Part 2
Files and Exceptions
When creating files and performing I/O operations on them, the systems generates errors. The basic I/O related exception classes are given below:
EOFException signals that end of the file is reached unexpectedly during input. FileNotFoundException file could not be opened InterruptedIOException I/O operations have been interrupted IOException signals that I/O exception of some sort has occurred very general I/O exception.
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Syntax
Each I/O statement or a group of I/O statements much have an exception handler around it/them as follows:
try { // I/O statements open file, read, etc. } catch(IOException e) // or specific type exception {
//message output statements
}
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Example
import java.io.*; class CountBytesNew { public static void main (String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException // throws is optional in this case { FileInputStream in; try{ in = new FileInputStream("FileIn.txt"); int total = 0; while (in.read() != -1) total++; System.out.println("Total = " + total); } catch(FileNotFoundException e1) { System.out.println("FileIn.txt does not exist!"); } catch(IOException e2) { System.out.println("Error occured while read file FileIn.txt"); } }
Creation of Files
There are 2 ways of initialising file stream objects:
Passing file name directly to the stream constructor
Similar to previous example Create File Object
Passing File Object:
File inFile = new File("FileIn.txt");
Pass file object while creating stream:
try {
in = new FileInputStream(inFile);
Manipulation operations are same once the file is opened.
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Reading and Writing Characters
As pointed out earlier, subclasses of Reader and Writer implement streams that can handle characters. The two subclasses used for handling characters in file are:
FileReader FileWriter
While opening a file, we can pass either file name or File object during the creation of objects of the above classes.
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Reader Class Hierarchy
Reader
StringReader CharacterArrayReader PipedReader BufferedReader InputStreamReader FileReader
FilterReader
PushbackReader
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Reader - operations
public int read() public int read(char[] buf, int offset, int count) Reads a character and returns as a integer 0-255 Reads and stores the characters in buf starting at offset. count is the maximum read. Same as previous offset=0 and length=buf.length()
public int read(char[] buf)
public long skip(long count) Skips count characters. public boolean ready() Returns true if the stream is ready to be read.
public void close()
Closes stream
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Reader - example
Count total number of spaces in the file
import java.io.*; public class CountSpace { public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException { Reader in; // in can also be FileReader in = new FileReader("FileIn.txt"); int ch, total, spaces; spaces = 0;
for (total = 0 ; (ch = in.read()) != -1; total++){ if(Character.isWhitespace((char) ch)) { spaces++; } } System.out.println(total + " chars " + spaces + " spaces ");
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Writer Class Hierarchy
Writer
BufferedWriter CharacterArrayWriter FilterWriter PrinterWriter OutputStreamWriter FileWriter
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PipedWriter
StringWriter
Writer Streams - operations
public abstract void write(int ch) Write ch as characters.
public void write(char[] buf, Write count characters int offset, int count) starting from offset in buf.
public void write(char[] buf) public void write(String str, int offset, int count) Same as previous offset=0 and count = buf.length() Write count characters starting at offset of str.
public void flush()
public void close()
Flushes the stream.
Closes stream
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Copying Characters from Files
Write a Program that copies contents of a source file to a destination file. The names of source and destination files is passed as command line arguments. Make sure that sufficient number of arguments are passed. Print appropriate error messages.
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FileCopy.java
import java.io.*; public class FileCopy { public static void main (String[] args) { if(args.length != 2) { System.out.println("Error: in sufficient arguments"); System.out.println("Usage - java FileCopy SourceFile DestFile"); System.exit(-1); } try { FileReader srcFile = new FileReader(args[0]); FileWriter destFile = new FileWriter(args[1]); int ch; while((ch=srcFile.read()) != -1) destFile.write(ch); srcFile.close(); destFile.close(); } catch(IOException e) { System.out.println(e); System.exit(-1); }
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Runs and Outputs
Source file exists:
java FileCopy FileIn.txt Fileout.txt
java FileCopy abc Fileout.txt java.io.FileNotFoundException: abc (No such file or directory) java FileCopy FileIn.txt Error: in sufficient arguments Usage - java FileCopy SourceFile DestFile
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Source file does not exist:
In sufficient arguments passed
Buffered Streams
Java supports creation of buffers to store temporarily data that read from or written to a stream. This process is known as buffered I/O operation. Buffered stream classes BufferedInputStream, BufferedOutputStream, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter buffer data to avoid every read or write going to the stream. These are used in file operations since accessing the disk for every character read is not efficient.
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Buffered Streams
Buffered character streams understand lines of text. BufferedWriter has a newLine method which writes a new line character to the stream. BufferedReader has a readLine method to read a line of text as a String. For complete listing of methods, please see the Java manual/documentation.
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BufferedReader - example
Use a BufferedReader to read a file one line at a time and print the lines to standard output
import java.io.*; class ReadTextFile { public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException { BufferedReader in; in = new BufferedReader( new FileReader(Command.txt)); String line; while (( line = in.readLine()) != null ) { System.out.println(line); } } }
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Writing Bytes - Example
Import java.io.*; public class WriteBytes { public static void main (String[] args) { byte cities[] = {'M', 'e', 'l', 'b', 'o', 'u', 'r', 'n', 'e', '\n', 'S', 'y','d', 'n', 'e', 'y', '\n }; FileOutputStream outFile; try{ outFile = new FileOutputStream("City.txt"); outFile.write(cities); outFile.close(); } catch(IOException e) { System.out.println(e); System.exit(-1); } } }
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Summary
All Java I/O classes are designed to operate with Exceptions. User Exceptions and your own handler with files to manger runtime errors. Subclasses FileReader / FileWriter support characters-based File I/O. FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes support bytes-based File I/O. Buffered read operations support efficient I/O operations.
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