MS4SSA IntroductiontoMetals

Mathematics and
Science in Schools in
Sub-Saharan Africa
MATERIAL SCIENCE
Introduction to
METALS
World Stability Stock Market
Atomic Structure
Metallic Bonding
“Sea of Electrons”
Properties of Metals
Metals are strong.

Metals have a lustrous look when polished.

Metals are flexible.

Metals are malleable.

Metals expand when heated.

Thermal Expansion
Metals have a very high conductivity rate of

heat and electricity.
Commercial Applications
Copper Aluminum
Cast Iron Steel
Cookware
Medical Applications
Using laser light, Ohio University scientists

uses gold nanoparticles to kill cancer tumors.
Metal nanoparticles, such as gold, can heat

an area up to 1,000 times its size.
A short peptide is attached to the

nanospheres of gold that enabled them to
bind to tumor cells.
Using a near-infrared light from a laser, heat the

gold nanospheres and selectively kill the cancer
cells to which the particles were bound.
Electrical Applications
Certain metals can be magnetic.

Non-Magnetic Metals
Magnetic Metals
Metals are crystalline in structure.

Crystal Structures of
Metals
• Aluminum FCC • Nickel FCC
• Cadmium HCP • Niobium BCC
• Chromium BCC • Platinum FCC
• Cobalt HCP • Polonium Cubic
• Copper FCC • Silver FCC
• Gold FCC • Titanium HCP
• Iron BCC • Vanadium BCC
• Lead FCC • Zinc HCP
• Magnesium HCP • Zirconium HCP
Disadvantages of Metals
Metals corrode!
Unit #1: History of Metals
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied

sciences.
The history of metals is closely linked to that
of coins and gemstones.
Metallurgy
As early as 3400 B.C., at the beginning of the

historical period, the Egyptians had an
intimate knowledge of gold, copper ores and
of processes of extracting metals.
Metallurgy
Metals were also known to the

Mesopotamians, Greeks and the Romans.
Native Metals
Copper Gold
Mercury Silver
Native Metals
Iron
Iron was available to the ancients in small
amounts from meteors.
Native iron is easily distinguishable

because it contains 6-8% nickel.
Copper Age (~4000 B.C.)
The first metal to be used was copper.

The first tools, implements &

weapons were made from copper.
The oldest known casting in existence, a pure

copper frog, was cast in Mesopotamia.
Bronze Age (~3000 B.C.)
Bronze was the first alloy used.
Bronze = Copper & 5-10% Tin

Bronze Age (~3000 B.C.)
New discoveries near Ban Chiang, Thailand,

indicate that bronze technology was maybe
known there as early as 4500 BC!
Iron Age (~2000 B.C.)
Iron smelting began in Egypt.

Process of Iron Smelting
A mixture of iron and oxide impurities is

heated to about 1,500°C. Molten iron is drawn
off on one side, and slag (waste) on the other.
Iron Age (~2000 B.C.)
Iron weapons revolutionized warfare and iron

implements did the same for farming.
Iron Pillar ~ 400A.D.
This iron pillar dating

to 400 A.D., remains
standing today in
Delhi, India. Corrosion
to the pillar has been
minimal a skill lost to
current ironworkers.
Cast Iron (~800)
Chinese were the first in the production of

cast iron.
Cast Iron (~800)
Molten iron is "cast" into forms made of sand.

Steel (~500)
How To Smelt Iron?
Wood
Wood was needed as
timber and it takes too
much wood so smelt
iron.
How To Smelt Iron?
Coal
Although cheap and
plentiful, coal contained
sulphur that made the
iron too brittle to be of
any use.
Abraham Darby
In 1709, Abraham Darby finally succeeded

in smelting iron with coke.
1750
Steel becomes the world’s most used

material.
Steel Production Today
Step 1:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
Steel Production Today
Step 2:
Molten iron is mixed with carbon & other elements.
1850
Isolated Pure
Aluminum
Charles Martin Hall

1900
Specialty Alloys
(1935-1955)
Human Body Parts
(1955-present)
High quality alloys of titanium & cobalt.

Super Alloys
(1970-Present)
Since they can sustain high temperatures,

super alloys were developed for jet engines.
Transparent Aluminum
(2010)
Fine grained aluminum is heated to 1200°C!

3X tougher than steel & it’s see-through!
Metamaterials (2015)
Materials designed that use light to manipulate its

mechanical properties.
The top is a bilayer gold/silicon nitride membrane
containing an array of cross-shaped nanoantennas
etched into the gold layer. The bottom is a metal
reflector that is separated from the gold/silicon
nitride bilayer by a three-micron-wide air gap.
The device can potentially be used as a new
frequency reference to accurately keep time in GPS,
computers, wristwatches and other devices.
New Fuel Cell Catalyst
(2016)
A nanosize squeeze can significantly boost
the performance of platinum catalysts that
help generate energy in fuel cell.

MS4SSA IntroductiontoMetals

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MS4SSA IntroductiontoMetals

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Mathematics and

Metals are strong.

Metals have a lustrous look when polished.

Metals are flexible.

Metals are malleable.

Metals expand when heated.

Metals have a very high conductivity rate of

Cast Iron Steel

Using laser light, Ohio University scientists

Metal nanoparticles, such as gold, can heat

A short peptide is attached to the

Using a near-infrared light from a laser, heat the

Certain metals can be magnetic.

Metals are crystalline in structure.

Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied

As early as 3400 B.C., at the beginning of the

Metals were also known to the

Native iron is easily distinguishable

The first metal to be used was copper.

The first tools, implements &

The oldest known casting in existence, a pure

Bronze was the first alloy used.

Bronze = Copper & 5-10% Tin

New discoveries near Ban Chiang, Thailand,

Iron smelting began in Egypt.

A mixture of iron and oxide impurities is

Iron weapons revolutionized warfare and iron

This iron pillar dating

Chinese were the first in the production of

Molten iron is "cast" into forms made of sand.

In 1709, Abraham Darby finally succeeded

Steel becomes the world’s most used

Charles Martin Hall

High quality alloys of titanium & cobalt.

Since they can sustain high temperatures,

Fine grained aluminum is heated to 1200°C!

Materials designed that use light to manipulate its

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