Express JS

Why Express?
 Organizations from different domains, are using
Node.js as a preferred runtime environment, for their
web applications.
 Some web- development tasks needs a lot of
coding in Node.js.
 Implementing Routing for different paths and
implementation of route handlers for different HTTP
verbs POST, Get.
 Serving HTML, CSS static files.

Express.js is the most popular framework
for creating web applications in Node.js.
It is lightweight and provides easy
connectivity with different databases.
Using Express, we can handle
requests and manage routes.
 Express is a perfect framework for
performing high-speed input and output
operations.
 Advantages of using Express:
 Has Robust API's which will help us to easily
configure routes for sending and receiving the
data between browser and database.
 Takes less time and fewer lines of
code thereby simplifying the application
development and making it simple to write
safe and modular applications.
 Have been used in different domains like
business, finance, news, social, etc.
What is Express?
Express.js is widely used for building
server-side applications by using node js.
Features:
Easy routing: Express makes it easy to
define routes for your application and
handle HTTP requests and responses.
Middleware support: Express provides a
flexible middleware architecture that allows
you to easily add functionality to your
application, such as authentication, logging,
and error handling.
Template engines: popular options like
Handlebars and Pug, allowing you to
easily generate dynamic HTML pages, by
parsing the template file and replaces the
placeholders with actual data to generate a
final output.
Scalability: Express is designed to be
lightweight and flexible, making it a great
choice for building scalable applications
that can handle a large number of users
and requests.
Large ecosystem: Express has a large and
active community, with a wide range of
plugins and modules available that can be
used to add additional functionality to your
application.
Overall, Express.js provides developers
with a simple, efficient, and flexible way
to build web applications with Node.js,
making it a popular choice for building
both small and large-scale web
applications.
Express in web application stack
Express places itself on the server-side in
the complete application stack and
provides a complete server-side solution
for application development.
Express works well with any client-side
technology like Angular, React, etc. and
any database like MongoDB, MySQL can
be used.
Express Development Environment
To develop an Express application on a
local machine, a development environment
with the installation of the below packages
are to be set up.
Node.js
Express
Express-generator
Step 1:
Install Node.js from the software
house/software center.
 Follow the instruction to check the Node
version installed in the machine.
 Open Node command prompt and give the following
command.
node -v
 Step 2:
 Installation of Express is straightforward if you have
Node.js installed on your machine.
 Express can be installed using the node package
manager (npm).
 Now install Express using the following command:
 Step 3:
 Express Generator is a command-line tool that
helps you quickly create a basic skeleton of an
Express application.
 For installing the express-generator tool globally,
use the following command.
npm install express-generator -g
 Once the generator is installed, it is extremely
simple to create the application using the
'express' command.
Once the installation is complete, you can
create a new Express application using the
following command:
 express <<application_name>>
It will automatically generate a folder with
the supplied application name. Inside the
folder, there will be a set of folders and files
which are created by the generator tool.
Development Environment- steps
 1. Install Express.

 2. Install Express-generator

 3.To create a new Express application named

'myApp'.

 This will create a new directory called myApp

with a basic Express application structure.
4. Observe the new project structure
generated.
 Install dependencies: Navigate to the newly
created directory myapp and install the
required dependencies by running:
 cd myapp
 npm install
 This will install all the necessary
dependencies specified in the package.json
file.
 Folder description:
 bin: Contains the configuration file for the
environment.
 public: Contains the static files which we can
use in the application.
 routes: Contains all the routes created in the
application.
 views: Contains the view templates, default jade
template files, responsible for presenting data to
the user in a way that is easy to understand and
interact with..
 app.js: Contains application-level
configurations and the starting point of the
application.
package.json: The package.json file is
usually present in the root directory of a
Node.js project.
This file helps npm to identify the project and
handle its dependencies.
It consists of other metadata, vital to end-
users, such as the description of the project,
its version, license information, other
configuration data, etc.
 Code linting
 We will be writing the logic in the application
based on the requirements provided, but as a
developer, we must take care of the standards of
the code.
 We will explore ESLint and learn how to ensure
the coding standards are followed in the code.
 Install eslint module global to the machine.
npm install eslint -g
After installing the node modules enable
ESLint from the extensions of VSCode.
Basic Configuration:

To create a basic eslint config file follow

the steps given.

1. Create an eslint config file for this folder

using the below command:

eslint --init
The following 3 options will be available for
the user to choose from.

Based on the requirement we can choose any

of these.
2. Choose the type of module which will be
used in the project.
4. Choose the framework based on the
requirement.

5. Select whether Typescript is used in the

application.
 6. Choose where the application will primarily run.

 7. Select the format in which you need to create the

config file.
 8. On successful installation of all required modules, the
config file ".eslintrc.json" will be created in the project.

 You can further explore and add other options to the

config file based on the need.
 Proceed to advanced configuration for more options.
Code with ESLint problems
Updated code without ESLint problems:
Why Routing?
To explore the various features available in
any web application, we need to request the
correct URL for the specific feature we are
currently interested in.
Routing refers to the process of directing
incoming requests to the appropriate
handler functions in the server.
For a web application, all the URLs will
reach the same server, but paths will be
different. It is the server's responsibility to
route the URLs to the appropriate features
depending on the path.
Here, "http://localhost:3000/" has the address
and port number of the machine where the
server is hosted and "/" is the path.
When a GET request is sent to the server with
the URL http://localhost:3000/tracker, the GET
request is fired which fetches all defects.
In the above two examples, we see that all
the requests are received by the same server
running on port 3000.
However, depending on the path and HTTP
method, different responses are coming
from the server.
The server needs to decide which response
is to be sent for a particular path in the
URL.
Express provides routing API to help to
manage these requirements whenever a
request is received by the server.
 What is Routing?
Defining the endpoints of an application
and the way the application responds to the
incoming client requests are referred to as
routing.
A route is nothing but a mixture of a URI,
HTTP request method, and some handlers
for that particular path.
Routing can be defined using two ways
Application Instance
Router class of Express
Method 1: Application Instance
We can do routing using the application
object.
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
app.get('/', myController.myMethod);
app.get('/about', myController.aboutMethod);
 Routing using Application Instance
 In Express.js, you can handle routes using the
application instance by calling the relevant
HTTP method on the app object and specifying
the route and callback function to be executed
for that route.
Example:
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
// Handle GET request for the root route
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
 res.send('Hello World!');
});
// Handle POST request for the /login route
app.post('/login', (req, res) => {
 // handle login logic here
});
// Handle PUT request for the /users/:id
route
app.put('/users/:id', (req, res) => {
 const userId = req.params.id;
 // handle update user logic here
});
//Handle DELETE request for the
/users/:id route
app.delete('/users/:id', (req, res) => {
 const userId = req.params.id;
 // handle delete user logic here
});
app.listen(3000, () => {
 console.log('Server listening on port
3000');
});
In this example, we define routes for
handling HTTP GET, POST, PUT, and
DELETE requests.
For each route, we call the relevant HTTP
method on the app object and specify the
route path and a callback function that will
be executed when the route is accessed.
The callback function takes two arguments:
the request object (req) and the response
object (res), which can be used to handle
the request and send a response back to the
client.
 Note that the order in which you define your
routes is important in Express.js.
 Routes are processed in the order in which
they are defined, so if you have multiple
routes that match the same path, the first one
that matches will be used.
 It's generally recommended to define more
specific routes before less specific ones to
avoid unexpected behavior.
Method 2: Router class of Express
Let's use the express.Router class. Router class
helps in grouping the route handlers together for
a site and allows them to access them using a
common route-prefix.
The below code explains how to define routes in
an Express application.
route.js file:
const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
router.get('/', myController.myMethod);
router.get('/about', myController.aboutMethod);
module.exports = router;
Now to use the route module created above,
we need to import it and then associate it
with the application object. In app.js file
include the below code:
const express = require('express');
const router = require('./routes/route');
const app = express();
app.use('/', router);
This application will now be able to route
the paths defined in the route module.
Defining a route
A route can be defined as shown below:

router.method(path,handler)
router: express instance or router instance
path: is the route where request runs
handler: is the callback function that gets
triggered whenever a request comes to a
particular path for a matching request type.
Route Method:
The application object has different methods
corresponding to each of the HTTP verbs
(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE). These
methods are used to receive HTTP requests.
Below are the commonly used route methods and
their description:

Examples:
routing.get("/notes", notesController.getNotes);
routing.post("/notes", notesController.newNotes);
routing.all("*", notesController.invalid);
Here, notesController is the custom js
file created to pass the navigation to this
controller file.
Inside the controller, we can create methods
like getNotes, newNotes, updateNotes, etc.
to perform various database related queries
like reading from the database, inserting into
the database, etc.
Route Paths
 Route path is the part of the URL which defines the
endpoint of the request.
 For the URL "http://localhost:3000/" - ‘/’ is the
endpoint.
 For the
URL "http://localhost:3000/about" - ‘/about’ is the
endpoint.
 We can handle the endpoints as follows, in an
Express application.
 router.get('/',myController.myDefaultMethod);
 router.get('/about',myController.aboutMethod);
 In the above example, we have strings like '/' and
'/about' as part of the route path. The path can also be
string patterns or regular expressions.
String-based routes: Pass a string pattern
as the first parameter of the routing method.
router.get('/ab*cd',
myController.myDefaultMethod);
The above route definition responds to all
the paths starting with "ab" and ending with
"cd".
For eg: "/abxyzcd", "/abbcd". The request
will be handled by the route handler,
myDefaultMethod written in myController.
Regular expression routes: Pass a regular
expression object as the first parameter to
the routing method.
router.get('/x/',myController.myMethod);
The above route definition responds to any
path with an 'x' in the route name.
In a general web application, string-based
routes are used mostly and
regular expression-based routes are used
only if required absolutely.
 Handling Routes
 Route handler can be defined as functions that
get executed every time the server receives a request for
a particular URL path and HTTP method.
 The route handler function needs at least two
parameters: request object and response object.
 Request object:
 The HTTP request object is created when a client makes
a request to the server. The variable named req is used
to represent this object.

 The request object in Express provides many properties

and methods to access the request related information
sent by the client to the server.
Below are some commonly used methods of
the request object.
 Response object
 The HTTP response object has information about
the response sent from the server to the client. The
response object is created along with the request
object and is commonly represented by a variable
named res.

 The route handler function sends a response

using res.send() method whenever a GET request is
received.
 res.send('About us page');
 The response object in Express also supports many
Have a look at some commonly used
methods of the response object.
Have a look at the basic architecture of
Express routing.
Whenever a client sends a request to the
server, that request is forwarded to the
corresponding route handler function.
The function process the request and then
generates the response that is to be
sent back to the client.
The client will be able to see the response
in the browser.
 Handling Routes-an example
 Router code to understand how routes can be
handled.
 routing.get("/notes", notesController.getNotes);
 To the express routing object, we can first configure
the HTTP method and then pass a route handler
function written in a custom controller file like the
notesController.js file.
 The getNotes method written inside
notesController.js can be used to send back a
 Example:
 exports.getNotes = async (req, res) => {
 try {
 res.status(200).json({
 message: 'You can now get the requested notes
for your request ', });
}
 catch (err) {
 res.status(404).json({
 status: 'fail',
 message: err, });
}

Here we are returning a JSON response
with a message field:
try {
res.status(200).json({
message: 'You can now get the requested
notes for your request ',
});
}
Let us take one more example with the
HTTP post method.
routing.post("/notes", notesController.
newNotes);
The handler can be written as,
exports.newNotes = async (req, res) => {
try {
res.status(201).json({
data: 'New notes added for the POST
request',
});
} catch (err) {
res.status(404).json({
status: 'fail', message: err.errmsg,
});
}};
 Route parameters
 Route parameters are useful for capturing the values
indicated at certain positions in the URL. These are
defined as named URL segments.
 Example: 'http://localhost:3000/user/Smith', if we want
to capture the portion of URL which contains "Smith",
then
 we can configure the route parameter as below:

router.get('/user/:username',myController.getMethod);
 Here inside the getMethod of Controller, username is the
route parameter. We access it using the below syntax.
req.params.< parameter_name >
exports.getMethod = async (req, res) => {
 const name = req.params.username; res.send(`Welcome
${name}`);
 };
If more than one parameter is passed as
part of the request URL, then the required
information can be extracted as shown
below.
router.get('/
user/:username/:id',myController.getMetho
d)
exports.getMethod = async (req, res) =>
{ const username = req.params.username;
res.send(`Welcome ${username} with id $
{req.params.id}`);
};
 Query Parameters
Query strings are the data appended as part
of the request URL. Query strings start
with a question mark and the name-value
pair in it is separated by an &(ampersand).
For example, in the below URL,
'http://localhost:3000/login?
username=john&email=john
%40i.com&login=Login',
the querystring is
"username=john&email=john
%40i.com&login=Login"
Consider the below example HTML form
which submits the data to the login path
using HTTP get method.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Login Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form name="loginform" action=
“http://localhost:3000/login”
method="get">
Enter your name:
<input type="text" name="username"
value="">
<br>
Enter the email:
<input type="email" name="email"
value=""> <br>
<input type="submit" name="submit1"
value="Register">
</form>
</body>
</html>
In Routing.js, we can handle this request as
shown below:
const express = require('express');
const routing = express.Router();
const notesController= require
('../Controller/myNotes');
routing.get('/login',
notesController.loginMethod);
Since the form submits data using HTTP
get method, the data, i.e., the username and
email will be appended as part of the query
string.
While handling the route, we can extract
these in the Controller, as shown below:
exports.loginMethod = async (req, res) =>
{
const name = req.query.username;
res.send(`You have registered in with
username ${name}}`);
};
The server grabs the query string using

request object’s query property followed

by name of the query string name-value

pair.

request.query.<querystring name-value

pair>
 Why Middleware?
 Consider the scenario where the following tasks
are to be designed in the application.
 Authenticate or authorize requests
 Log the requests
 Parse the request body
 End a request-response cycle
 The above jobs are not the core concerns of an
application. But they are the cross-cutting
concerns that are applicable to the
entire application.
 In the Express framework, these cross-cutting
concerns can be implemented using middleware.
What is a Middleware?
A function that will have all the access for
requesting an object, responding to an
object, and moving to the next middleware
function in the application request-response
cycle.
A function defined as a middleware can
execute any task mentioned below:
Any code execution.
Modification of objects - request and
response.
Call the next middleware function.

 How Middleware works?
 If we want to log the request method and request URL
before the handler executes.
 Below is the route definition for which we want to add
the middleware.
app.get('/login', myController.myMethod);
exports.myMethod = async (req, res, next) =>
{ res.send('/login');
};
 The middleware for the above requirement could be
written as below.
const mylogger = async (req, res, next) =>
{ console.log(new Date(), req.method, req.url);
next();
};
The arguments of this function are:
req: an object containing
all the information about the request.
res: an object containing all the information
about the response sent from server to
client.
next: tells Express when the middleware is
done with the execution.
Inside the function, we have logic to log the
request method and request URL along with
the date.
The next() method ensures that after the
execution of middleware logic, the handler
is executed.
Now we can modify the route definition to
add the middleware
using app.use() method.
app.use(mylogger);
app.get('/login', myController.myMethod);
Now, whenever any request is coming to the
path '/login', mylogger middleware function
will get executed, and then the
corresponding handler function will be
invoked.
 Any middleware can be loaded in an Express
application using the app.use() method.
 The app.use() method accepts one string parameter
path, which is optional, and one function parameter
callback which is the mandatory middleware
function.
 app.use(PATH, CALLBACK)

 Whenever any request comes to a particular "path",
the middleware callback function will get triggered.
 To associate a middleware directly with the handler
function use app.use() method.
 app.use('/login', (req, res, next) =>
{ console.log(new Date(), req.method, req.url);
next();});
Chaining of Middleware
 We can create a chain of middlewares before the request
reaches the handler.
 Consider a middleware which logs the request time and
another middleware which logs the request URL as shown.
 const logtime = async (req, res, next)
=>{ console.log('Request received at ' + Date.now());
next();
 };
 const logURL = async (req, res, next)
=>{ console.log('Request URL is ' + req.url); next();
 };
 app.use(logtime);
Both middlewares are associated with the
application object using app.use() method.
Now whenever an HTTP request arrives at
the application, it goes through these two
middlewares.
Both middlewares in the chain can modify
the request and response object based on the
requirement.
Middleware Ordering
 The order of execution of middleware depends on the
order in which the route handler functions and other
middleware functions are declared in the application.
 Example: The middleware is added between two route
definitions.
 app.get('/', myController.getMethod);
 app.use(myLogger);
 app.post('/', myController.postMethod)
 In the above code, the middleware will never run for the
route handler for the GET request, as it is declared after
the route definition. The middleware will get executed
only for the POST handler as it is declared before the
Types of Middlewares
The express framework provides the
following five different types of
middlewares.
 Application Level Middleware
 Application-level middlewares are functions
that are associated with the application object.
These middleware function will get executed
each time an application receives a request.
 The middleware that we have discussed earlier
was also an application-level middleware.
 app.use("/", route);
Application Level Middleware- Demo
1. Modify the app.js file in the application by
adding middleware to it.
const express = require('express');
const router = require('./Routes/routing');
const app = express();
// Customer logger middleware
const mylogger = function (req, res, next) {
console.log(`Req method is ${req.method}`);
console.log(`Req url is ${req.url}`);
next();
};
 // using app object make use of logger middleware
function
 app.use(mylogger);
 app.use('/', router);
 app.listen(3000);
 console.log('Server listening in port 3000');
 2. The routing.js file content.
 const express = require('express');
 const router = express.Router();
 const myController =
require('../Controller/myController');
 router.get('/', myController.myMethod);
 router.get('/about', myController.aboutMethod);
 module.exports = router;
3. In Controller, add the below-mentioned code.
exports.myMethod = async (req, res, next) =>
{ res.send('<h1>Welcome</h1>');
};
exports.aboutMethod = async (req, res, next) => {
res.send('<h1>About Us Page</h1>');};
4. Run the application using 'node app' and observe
the output.
On changing the URL to
'http://localhost:3000/about', we get the below
message:


The middleware output can also be seen in the
console as shown below:
 Router Level Middleware
Router-level middlewares are functions that
are associated with a route. These functions
are linked to express.Router() class
instance.
Let us see how to use the router-level
middleware in our application.
Highlights:
Usage of middleware
Router level middleware
 Demo steps
1. Modify routing.js file by adding a middleware in
it.
const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
const myController =
require('../Controller/myController');
router.use((req, res, next) => { console.log(`Req
method is ${req.method}`); console.log(`Req url is
${req.url}`); next();
});
router.get('/', myController.myMethod)
router.get('/about', myController.myaboutMethod)
module.exports = router;
2. Add the below code to the Controller:
exports.myMethod = async (req, res) =>
{ res.send('Welcome');
};
exports.myaboutMethod = async (req, res) => {
res.send('About us');
};
3. The app.js file in TestApp.
const express = require('express');
const router = require('./Routes/routing');
const app = express();
app.use('/', router);
app.listen(3000);

4. Open a command prompt and start the
server. Observe the output
 Demo 2: Router Level Middleware
If we want to use middleware for only a
specific route, we can use the below code:
Highlights:
Usage of middleware for specific routes
Router level middleware
1. Modify routing.js file by adding a
middleware in it.
const express = require('express');
const router = express.Router();
const myController =
require('../Controller/myController');
 Demo steps:
router.use('/about', (req, res, next) =>
{ console.log(`Req method is ${req.method}`);
console.log(req.originalUrl); next();
});

router.get('/', myController.myMethod)
router.get('/about',

myController.myaboutMethod);
module.exports = router;
2. In app.js add the below-mentioned code:
const express = require('express');
const router = require('./Routes/routing');
const app = express();
app.use('/', router);
app.listen(3000);

console.log('Server listening in port 3000');

3. In Controller, we have the below code.
exports.myMethod = async (req, res) =>
{ res.send('Welcome to Router Demo');
};
exports.myaboutMethod = async (req, res) => {

 res.send('About us');
};
4. Run the application and observe the below
output.
In the console we can observe the
middleware is not logged:

On changing the URL to

http://localhost:3000/about:
 Error Handling Middleware

 It provides the error-handling capability in an

Express application. Whenever any run-time
error occurs in the application, Express
will call the error-handling middleware. The
middleware can handle any type of run-time
error and also format the error into a user-
friendly error message.
 The best way to handle the errors is by
creating an error object with the error status
code and error message and by throwing the
error object. This can be passed to the
errorlogger[custom method] which can handle
app.js
const express = require('express');
const errorLogger = require('./errorlogger')
const app = express();
app.all('*', (req, res, next) => {
let err = new Error();
err.message = 'Invalid Route';
err.status = 404;
next(err);
});
app.use(errorLogger)
 app.listen(3000);
console.log('Server listening in port 3000');
module.exports =app;
 errorlogger.js  if(err.status){
 This code will log the details  res.status(err.status);
to the ErrorLogger.txt and will
send the response to the client.  }
 const fs = require('fs');  else{
 let errorLogger = (err, req,  res.status(500)
res, next) => {

 }
if (err) {
 fs.appendFile('ErrorLogger.txt  res.json({
', `${new  status: 'error',
Date().toDateString()} - $
 message: err.message
{err.message}\n` , (error) =>
{  })
 if (error) {  }}
 console.log("logging failed");
 module.exports =
 } errorLogger;
 });
 Demo-Error Handling Middleware
Highlights:
Handling error in Express application
Usage of error handling middleware

1.Modify the file app.js as shown below.

const express = require('express');
const errorLogger = require('./errorlogger')
const app = express();
app.all('*', (req, res, next) => {
let err = new Error();
err.message = 'Invalid Route';
err.status = 404;
next(err);
});
app.use(errorLogger);
app.listen(3000);
console.log('Server listening in port 3000');
module.exports =app;
 3. In the errorLogger, add the below code
 const fs = require('fs');
 let errorLogger = (err, req, res, next) => {
 if (err) {
 fs.appendFile('ErrorLogger.txt', `${new
Date().toDateString()} - ${err.message}\n` , (error)
=> {
 if (error) { console.log("logging failed"); }
 });
 if(err.status){ res.status(err.status); }
 else{ res.status(500) }
 res.json({
 status: 'error', message: err.message })
 }}
4. Save and run the app. Observe the
JSON data as output:


Having an error bring down your entire

app in production is never a great
experience. Good exception management
is important for any app, and the best way
to deal with errors is to use the async
structures.
 Third Party Middleware
 Third-party middleware provides the capability of
adding more functions to an Express application
using a third party module.
 For using any third-party middleware in the Express
application, the corresponding module for that
particular functionality is to be installed, and then it is
to be loaded at the application level or router level
based on the requirement.
 Some of the commonly used middlewares are:
 body-parser
 cookie-parser
 helmet
 session
 Body Parser
 The users are always prompted to enter data in a form,
which is a powerful tool in any web application. On
submitting the forms using the POST method, the data
is sent as part of the request's body.
 The form data is hence not exposed in the URL. POST
submission handling is therefore different from GET
submissions and it needs more processing.
 The Express framework provides a middleware 'body-
parser' for extracting the data coming as part of the
request body, whenever the client sends any request.
 To access the POST parameters, it provides
a body property for the request object.
This middleware can be installed using the
below command, for use in an Express
application:
npm install body-parser
Consider the code snippet to use this
middleware in the application.
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
app.use(bodyParser.json());
The body-parser middleware is imported into
the application and then associated with the
application object using app.use() method.
The above code snippet uses bodyParser.json()
method to parse the content.
 Built-In Middleware
 Built-in middleware is a set of functions that are
built-in with Express.
 Express has the following built-in middleware
functions:
 express.static serves static assets such as HTML
files, images, and so on.
 express.json parses incoming requests with
JSON payloads.
 express.urlencoded parses incoming requests
with URL-encoded payloads.
 Payload data in NodeJs is just packets or chunks
of data sent to the server and that cannot be
Connecting to MongoDB with Mongoose:
 Organizations use various databases to store data and to
perform various operations on the data based on the
requirements.
 Some of the most popular databases are:
 Cassandra
 MySQL
 MongoDB
 Oracle
 Redis
 SQL Server
 A user can interact with a database in the following ways.
 Using query language of the respective databases - eg:
SQL
 Using an ODM(Object Data Model) or ORM(Object-
 Need for ODM
Let us assume, we wish to maintain the details
of the employees in the below format in the
MongoDB database.


If we try to insert the below employee record
into the collection(DB table), it will be
inserted.
{empName : "John", employeeId : 324123,
Location : "France"}
 But if we carefully observe, the below record did not
exactly match the format as we discussed. After inserting
the above record, the collection will be looking as shown
below:

 MongoDB stores the data in the form of a document(row)

in the collection. Since there is no predefined structure
and constraints on values for fields, a document of any
structure having any value for fields can be inserted into
the collection.
It becomes the responsibility of developers
to strictly maintain the structure of the
document and apply constraints on the
values for fields, which can be easily
violated.
So, we need a library that can maintain or
model the structure of documents and
impose restrictions on the values for fields.
In order to ensure that the structure of the
database is maintained, we need an Object
Data Modeler, which ensures the
maintenance of the collection.
 ODM
An ODM is used to map the data as
JavaScript objects to the underlying database
format. They provide an option to perform
validation and checking data to ensure data
integrity.
There are many ODM based libraries
available on NPM. One such library
is Mongoose.
 Mongoose
Mongoose is an Object Data Modeling
(ODM) tool, which is created to work on an
asynchronous MongoDB environment.
It imposes the structure and constraints by
mapping JavaScript objects to documents in
the database.
It also provides the functionality for
validating field values and methods for
selecting, adding, modifying, and
deleting documents in the collection.
If we insert the same employee record with

the help of Mongoose, then the collection

will be looking as shown below:

Here, we can observe that the field which
did not match the name in the collection
will not be inserted. If we had set a
required constraint for the empId field, then
the document will not be inserted at all.
Let us now try to insert the below employee
record into the collection. Notice here that
the below record did not match the value as
expected, for the field empId.
{ empName : "John", empId : "324123",
location : "France"}
Without using Mongoose, if you try to
insert the above record, the record will be
inserted successfully and the collection will
be looking as shown below:
Ifwe try to insert the above record with the
help of Mongoose, then the collection will
be looking as shown below:
We can observe that the value for the

empId field got type-cast to Number type.

This is because Mongoose did a type-cast.

If Mongoose is not able to convert the

value to the specified type, then the

document will not be inserted.

 Schema and Models
 Schema:
 The structure of the document to be inserted in the
database collection is defined through 'schema' in
mongoose. Using schema, we can perform validations,
provide default values to the properties, etc.
 Example:
 const empSchema = [ {
 empId: Number,
 empName: String,
 address: { doorNo: String, lane: String,
pincode: Number, },
 },
 ];
 Models:
 We need to interact with the database collection to store or
retrieve data. In order to perform database interaction,
mongoose provides a 'Model' method that takes the
predefined schema and creates an instance of a document
that is like the records of the relational database.
It provides an interface to the database for creating,
querying, updating, deleting records, etc. A Mongoose
model is a wrapper on the Mongoose schema.
 Creating a Mongoose model comprises primarily of three
parts:
 Referencing Mongoose
 Defining the Schema
 Creating a Model
 Referencing Mongoose
 Installing Mongoose:
 For installing the Mongoose library, issue the below
command in the Node command prompt.
npm install --save mongoose
 Executing the above command downloads the Mongoose
library and add a dependency entry in
your 'package.json' file.

 Connecting to MongoDB using Mongoose:

 To establish a connection to the MongoDB database, we
need to create a connection object using Mongoose. This
is done through the below code:
 const mongoose = require('mongoose');
 mongoose.connect(
'mongodb://localhost:27017/Database_Name');
 In Line 1, we are importing the Mongoose library
into our application.
 In Line 2, the connect() method
takes MongoDB protocol followed by the host and
the database name as a parameter.
 Let us now establish a connection to the
MongoDB database IntellectNotes for storing details
using the below code:
 const mongoose = require('mongoose');
 mongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/
IntellectNotes', {
useNewUrlParser: true,
useCreateIndex: true,
useFindAndModify: false,
useUnifiedTopology: true,})
 Line 2: Here we are specifying the URI where
the data will be stored/retrieved. The second
parameter
 {useNewUrlParser:true, useCreateIndex:true,
useFindAndModify: false,
useUnifiedTopology: true} is to suppress the
below warnings thrown by MongoDB.
 To create a collection using mongoose, we
must start by creating a Mongoose schema.
 Introduction to Mongoose Schema
A schema defines document properties through an
object, where the key name corresponds to the
property name in the collection. The schema
allows you to define the fields stored in each
document along with their validation requirements
and default values.
 To create a schema, we need to use the following
lines of code:
 const mongoose = require('mongoose');
 const schema = new
mongoose.Schema({ property_1: Number,
 property_2: String
 });
 In a schema, we will define the data types of the
properties in the document. The most commonly used
types in the schema are:
 String: To store string values. For e.g: employee name
 Number: To store numerical values. For e.g: employee
Id
 Date: To store dates. The date will be stored in the ISO
date format. For e.g: 2018-11-15T15:22:00.
 Boolean: It will take the values true or false and is
generally used for performing validations.
 ObjectId: Usually, ObjectId is assigned by MongoDB
itself. Every document inserted in MongoDB will have
a unique id which is created automatically by
MongoDB and this is of type ObjectId.
 Array: To store an array of data, or even a sub-
document array. For e.g: ["Cricket","Football"]
 Creating Schema – Demo
 myNotes wants to store notes id, name, and data for
multiple users.
The code to create the required schema is given
below:
const myNotesSchema = new mongoose.Schema( {

notesID: { type: Number, },

name: { type: String, },
data: { type: String, },
},
{ timestamps: { createdAt: true, updatedAt:
true, },
});
Line 1: Using the Schema class provided
by the Mongoose library, we can create
the schema with all the necessary fields.
Note: It is a standard practice to have
timestamps - (created at & updated at)
field for each document inserted into the
collection. This can be done by adding a
timestamp option to the Schema.
To ensure data entered in the collection is
as per the requirement, we can configure
validations to the schema.
 Validation types and Defaults
 Validation through mongoose validator
 Mongoose provides a way to validate data before
you save that data to a database.
 Data validation is important to make sure that
"invalid" data does not get persisted in your
application. This ensures data integrity. A benefit
of using Mongoose, when inserting data into
MongoDB is its built-in support for data types, and
the automatic validation of data when it is
persisted.
 Mongoose’s validators are easy to configure.
When defining the schema, specific validations
need to be configured.
 The following rules should be kept in mind while
adding validation:
 Validations are defined in the Schema
 Validation occurs when a document attempts to be
saved
 Validation will not be applied for default values
 Validators will not be triggered on undefined values.
The only exception to this is the required validator
 Customized validators can be configured
 Mongoose has several built-in validators
 The required validator can be added to
all SchemaTypes
 Number schema type has min and max validators
 Strings have enum and match validators
 Let us see how to add a validator to a Schema.
Validation types and default values
Required
If you want any field to be mandatory, use
the required property.
const schema =
mongoose.Schema({ name: { required:
true, },
});
Types
You can declare a schema type using the
type directly, or an object with a type
property.
Example: To declare schema type using an
object with a type property.
const schema =
mongoose.Schema({ property_1: { type:
String, },
property_2: { type: Number, },
});
Default
Your schema can define default values for
certain properties. If you create a new
document without that property set, the
default value provided to that property will
be assigned.
The below code snippet shows how to add a
default to schema type:
const schema =
mongoose.Schema({ property_1: { default:
"Client" }, property_2: { default: 1 },
});
 Custom validations
 In Mongoose we can specify custom
validators that are tailored specifically to fields if
the built-in validators are not enough. They are
provided as values of validate property.
 The below code snippet shows how to add a
custom validator to the schema type.
 const schema = mongoose.Schema({ property_1:
{
 validate: (value) => {
 /*Validation code*/
 }
 },
 });
 Demo: Adding Validation, types and default to
myNotes Schema
 const myNotesSchema = new mongoose.Schema( {
 notesID: { type: Number,
 unique: true,
 required: [true, 'Required field'],
 },
 name: { type: String,
 required: [true, 'Required field'],
 },
 data: { type: String, },
 },
 { timestamps: { createdAt: true, updatedAt: true, },
 });
 Now that our myNotesSchema is ready, let us create a model
for the schema.
 Creating a model
 The model provides an object which provides
access to query documents in a named
collection. Schemas are compiled into models
using the model() method.
 const Model = mongoose.model(name ,
schema)
 The first argument is the singular name of the
collection for which you are creating a Model.
 The model() function makes a copy of the
schema. Make sure that you have added
everything you want to schema before calling
the model().
 Let us now create a model for
our myNotes collection using the below code.
const NotesModel =
mongoose.model( "mynotes",
myNotesSchema);
 Here NotesModel is a collection object that
will be used to perform CRUD operations.
 Now we have created the model for our
database collection, let us insert some data into
the collection.
Thank You