PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

UNIT - II
Conditional Branching (conditional execution)
• if statement
• if-else statement
• else if construct
• switch statement
Looping (iteration)
• while statement
• do-while statement
• for statement
Control Flow (Control Structure)
• Further, for jumping out of a loop, we have the following three
statements
• break statement
• continue statement
• goto statement
1)The if Statement :
• When a statement is executed, the
computer first evaluates the value of the test
condition or expression.
• If the value is TRUE, statement block
and next statement are executed sequentially.
• If the value is FALSE, statement block is
skipped & Execution starts from the Next
statement.
 Program for The if Statement :

if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
next statement;
The if-else Statement
• When the statement is executed, the computer
first evaluates, the value of the test condition.
• If the value is TRUE , statement block-1 is
executed & the control is transferred to the next
statement.
• If the value is FALSE, statement block – 2
executed. And the control is transferred to
NEXT statement.
The if-else Statement
if (test expression)
{
True-block statements
}
else
{
False-block statements
}
statement-x
The else if Construct (Ladder)
• Computer executes this statement from top to
bottom.
• If a TRUE test condition is found , the
statement block associated with it is executed.
• Then the control is transferred to the NEXT
statement.
• When all the Test condition are FALSE , then
the final else containing the default statement
will be executed.
if (condition 1)
{ else
statement block-1 {
} statement block-s
else if (condition 2) }
{ statement-x;
statement block-2
}
…………………….
…………………….
else if (condition—n)
{
statement block-n
}
• The Switch Statement
• When this statement is executed the computer first
evaluates the value of the expression in the keyword
switch.
• This value is successively compared with the case
label 1, label 2… label n.
• If a case label matches with the value, the statement
block associated with the case label is executed.
• Then the control is transferred to the next statement.
• If none of the case matches with the value, the
default statement block is executed.
switch (expression) default :
{ default-block
case value 1 : break;
}
statement block-1
statement-x;
break;
case value 2 :
statement block-2
break;
case value n:
………………………
statement block-n
break;
• Looping
• In C, loop structures are used to execute a group of
statements repeatedly until some condition is
satisfied.
• If section of the program to be executed repeatedly
while an expression is true.
• When the expression becomes false, the loop
terminates and the control transfers to the statement
following the loop.
• A loop contains two parts, one is known as the
control statement and the other is the body of the
loop.
• Looping
• The while statement

• When this statement is executed, the computer

first evaluates the test condition.
• If the value is FALSE ,the control is transferred
to next statement.
• If the value is TRUE , then the body of the loop
is executed repeadly until the test condition
becomes false.
• When the test condition becomes false the
control is transferred to next statement.
• The while statement

while (test expression)

{
body of the loop
}
Next statement;
• The do-while Statement
• When this statement is executed, the body of the
loop is executed first.
• Then the test condition is evaluated.
• If the value is FALSE ,the control is transferred
to next statement.
• If the value is TRUE , then the body of the loop
is executed repeadly until the test condition
becomes false.
• When the test condition becomes false the
control is transferred to next statement.
• The do-while Statement

do
{
body of the loop
}
while (test expression);
Next statement;
• The for Statement

This statement is used to execute a statement or a group of

statements repeatedly for a known number of times.

for (initialization ; test-condition; increment or

decrement)
{
body of the loop

}
• Nested Loops
• If one loop is enclosed within another for loop
then , such loops are known as nested for
loops.
• There is no limit on the number of for loops
that can be nested.
 • The break statement:
It is used to exit from a loop while the test condition is true.
This statement can be used within a for, while, do-while or switch
statement.
• The break statement:
int main (void)
{
int t;
for(t=0; t < 100; t++)
{
printf(''%d ", t);
if(t == 10) break;
• The continue Statement

The continue statement is

used to skip the remaining
loop statements and the
control is transferred to the
beginning of the loop.
In otherwords , the statements
after the keyword continue
will be skipped and the
control is transferred to the
beginning of the loop.
goto statement
• The goto statement can be used to jump from
anywhere to anywhere within a function.

goto label;
... .. ... ...
.. ... label:
statement;
ARRAYS

• An array is a variable that can store multiple

values. For example, if you want to store 100
integers, you can create an array for it.
• int data[100];
 Arrays

Example:
i) int mark[100];
• This declares an integer type array named as
mark having 100 memory locations to store
100 integer data.
float salary[100];
• This declares a floating point type array
named as salary having 100 memory
locations to store 100 floating point data.
• How to declare an array?
• dataType arrayName[arraySize];
• For example,
• float mark[5];
• Here, we declared an array, mark, of floating-
point type. And its size is 5. Meaning, it can
hold 5 floating-point values.
• It's important to note that the size and type of
an array cannot be changed once it is
declared.
• How to initialize an array?
• It is possible to initialize an array during
declaration. For example,
• int mark[5] = {19, 10, 8, 17, 9};
 Array Initialization

• Example :
• Int age[3] = {10,20,30};
• This declares age as an integer array having
three locations and assigns initial values.
• An array is a group of related items that store
with a common name.
Syntax
• The syntax is as follows for declaring an array
• datatype array_name [size];
Types of arrays
• One – dimensional arrays
• Two – dimensional arrays
• One – dimensional array
• The Syntax is as follows
• datatype array name [size];
• For example, int a[5]
Array example program
• Two multidimensional arrays
• These are used in situations where a table of
values have to be stored (or) in matrices
applications.
• The syntax is given below
datatype array_ name [rowsize] [column size];
int a[3][3]
 strings

• A sequence of characters enclosed within

double quotes is called string.
• When a string is stored in the computer
memory, computer automatically places a
null character ‘\0’ as the last character.
• Declaring string variable
• A string variable should be declared as a
character type array and is used to store
string. The general form is
• char variablename[size]= string;
• Char country[8] = “TANZANIA”;
 strings

• char variablename[size]= string;

• Char country[9] = “TANZANIA”;

T A N Z A N I A \0
 strings

• Reading strings
• strings can be read into memory by means
of any one function namely
• i)getchar function
– This function is used to read a single character.
 strlen()

• The strlen() function calculates the length of a

given string.
• The strlen() function takes a string as an
argument and returns its length.
• The strlen() function is defined
in string.h header file.
• Syntax:
int strlen(const char *str);
• Parameter:
• str: It represents the string variable whose
length we have to find.
 strcat() function

• In C programming, the strcat() function

contcatenates (joins) two strings.
• The strcat() function is used for string
concatenation.
• It concatenates the specified string at the end
of the another specified string
• C strcat() Declaration
char *strcat(char *str1, const char *str2)
• This function takes two pointer as arguments
and returns the pointer to the destination
string after concatenation.
str1 – pointer to the destination string.
str2 – pointer to the source string which is
appended to the destination string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string .h>
Int main()
{
Char strng1[5] = “Hello” ;
Char strng1[5] = “Hi” ;
printf ( “\n Source string = %s”, strng1 ) ;
printf ( “\n Target string = %s”, strng2 ) ;
strcat(strng1, strng2);
printf(“\n Target string after strcat() = %s \n”,
strng1);
return 0;
• Following is the declaration for strcmp()
function.
• int strcmp(const char *str1, const char
*str2)Parameters
• str1 − This is the first string to be compared.
• str2 − This is the second string to be
compared.