MGAC70

CLASS 5 – INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS

DOUGLAS KONG
 INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) leverages computers and machines to mimic the

problem-solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind.
Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language
processing, speech recognition and machine vision.
Intelligent systems are a subset of AI. They are specific applications or
implementations of AI that exhibit intelligent behavior in a particular domain
or task. These systems leverage AI techniques to analyze data, make
decisions, and, in some cases, learn and adapt over time. Examples of
intelligent systems include expert systems, machine learning models,
robotics, and natural language processing systems.
 EXPERT SYSTEM
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 EXPERT SYSTEMS
Expert systems (ESs) are computer systems that attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise
in a specific domain.
• These systems are built to solve complex problems by reasoning through knowledge represented in
the form of rules, heuristics and expert knowledge.
• Key components of an expert system include:

• Knowledge Base: This is where the system stores relevant information and expertise in a
particular domain. The knowledge is usually represented in the form of rules or facts.

• Inference Engine: The inference engine is responsible for processing the information stored in
the knowledge base and applying it to solve specific problems or answer questions. It uses
logical reasoning and deduction to reach conclusions.

• User Interface: This component allows users to interact with the expert system, input data, and
receive outputs or recommendations. The interface can be text-based or graphical, depending
on the design.

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 E X P E RT S Y S T E M S - A P P L I C AT I O N S

Medical Diagnosis:
Expert systems have been used in the field of medicine to assist in diagnosing diseases based on symptoms and patient information.
These systems can help healthcare professionals by providing recommendations for further tests or treatments.
Financial Planning:
In finance, expert systems can be used for financial planning and investment advice. They analyze a client's financial situation, risk
tolerance, and goals to provide personalized recommendations for investment strategies, retirement planning, and wealth
management.
Troubleshooting Technical Issues:
Expert systems are employed in technical support to guide users through troubleshooting processes. By asking questions about the
symptoms or issues encountered, the system can narrow down potential causes and provide step-by-step solutions.
Quality Control in Manufacturing:
Manufacturing processes often utilize expert systems for quality control. These systems can analyze data from production processes,
identify potential defects, and recommend adjustments to improve the overall quality of the products.
Customer Support Chatbots:
Some customer support chatbots incorporate expert systems to provide instant and accurate responses to user queries. By
understanding the user's issue and guiding them through a series of questions, these systems can offer solutions or direct users to
appropriate resources.
Environmental Monitoring:
Expert systems are employed in environmental monitoring to analyze data from sensors and other sources. They can help in assessing
environmental conditions, predicting trends, and recommending appropriate actions for conservation or mitigation.
 WHAT EXPERT SYSTEMS CAN AND CAN’T DO

• An expert system can

• Reduce errors
• Improve customer service
• Reduce cost
• An expert system can’t
• Use common sense
• Automate all processes
BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

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 DIFFICULTIES OF USING EXPERT SYSTEM

• Transferring domain expertise from human experts to the expert system

can be difficult because people cannot always explain what they know
• Even if the domain experts can explain their entire reasoning process,
automating that process may not be possible
• In some contexts, there is a potential liability from the use of expert
systems

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 MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI)

that focuses on the development of algorithms and
statistical models that enable computers to perform tasks
without explicit programming. The central idea behind
machine learning is to allow computers to learn from
data and improve their performance over time.
 MACHINE LEARNING – KEY CONCEPTS
Training Data: Machine learning algorithms require large amounts of data to learn patterns and make predictions or decisions. This data is used
during the training phase to teach the algorithm how to perform a specific task.
Features and Labels: In supervised learning, a subset of machine learning, the algorithm is trained on a dataset that includes both input features
and corresponding labels or outcomes. The algorithm learns to map input features to the correct labels.
Types of Learning:
• Supervised Learning: The algorithm is trained on a labeled dataset, and it learns to make predictions or decisions based on input features.
• Unsupervised Learning: The algorithm is given unlabeled data and must find patterns or relationships within the data without explicit
guidance.
• Reinforcement Learning: The algorithm learns through interaction with an environment, receiving feedback in the form of rewards or
penalties.
Models: Machine learning algorithms build models that capture patterns and relationships in the training data. These models are then used to
make predictions or decisions on new, unseen data.
Types of Algorithms:
• Decision Trees
• Support Vector Machines (SVM)
• Neural Networks
• Random Forests
• K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
• Linear Regression
• Clustering Algorithms (e.g., K-Means)
 MACHINE LEARNING - APPLICATIONS
Image and Speech Recognition:
Machine learning is used in facial recognition systems, image classification, and speech recognition technologies.
Applications range from security and authentication to virtual assistants and accessibility features.
Natural Language Processing (NLP):
NLP applications include language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots, and speech-to-text. Machine learning
models can understand and generate human-like language, improving communication and interaction with
computers.
Recommendation Systems:
E-commerce platforms, streaming services, and social media use machine learning to analyze user behavior and
preferences. Recommendation systems then suggest products, movies, or content tailored to individual users.
Healthcare Diagnostics:
Machine learning is applied in healthcare for medical image analysis, disease diagnosis, and predicting patient
outcomes. It assists doctors in making more accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions.
Financial Fraud Detection:
Machine learning algorithms analyze patterns in financial transactions to identify anomalies and detect fraudulent
activities. This is crucial for preventing and mitigating financial fraud in banking and other industries.
 MACHINE LEARNING - APPLICATIONS
Autonomous Vehicles:
In the automotive industry, machine learning plays a key role in developing self-driving cars. These systems use
algorithms to interpret sensor data, make real-time decisions, and navigate safely.
Predictive Maintenance:
Industries such as manufacturing and aviation use machine learning to predict equipment failures and schedule
maintenance proactively. This helps reduce downtime and maintenance costs.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
CRM systems leverage machine learning to analyze customer interactions, predict customer behavior, and
personalize marketing strategies. This enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Fraud Detection in Banking:
Machine learning is employed to detect fraudulent activities in banking transactions. By analyzing patterns and
anomalies in transaction data, these systems can flag suspicious activities for further investigation.
Supply Chain Optimization:
Machine learning is used to optimize supply chain operations by predicting demand, improving inventory
management, and optimizing logistics. This helps reduce costs and improve overall efficiency.
MACHINE LEARNING – WHO’S USING IT?
DEEP LEARNING
H T T P S : / / Y O U T U . B E / B D AY Q U F - B R Q
 DEEP LEARNING

• Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches

computers to do what comes naturally to humans: learn by example.
Deep learning is a key technology behind driverless cars, enabling
them to recognize a stop sign, or to distinguish a pedestrian from a
lamppost.
• Deep learning is an important element of data science, including
statistics and predictive modeling. It is extremely beneficial to data
scientists who are tasked with collecting, analyzing and interpreting
large amounts of data; deep learning makes this process faster and
easier.
 DEEP LEARNING – KEY CHARACTERISTICS
• Neural Networks: Deep learning algorithms use artificial neural networks with multiple layers
(hence the term "deep"). These layers include an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an
output layer. Each layer contains nodes (or neurons), and connections between nodes have
associated weights.
• Deep Neural Networks (DNNs): Deep learning typically involves deep neural networks with
many hidden layers. The depth of these networks allows them to automatically learn hierarchical
features and representations from the input data.
• Feature Learning: Deep learning excels at automatic feature learning, where the model learns to
extract relevant features or representations directly from the raw data. This eliminates the need
for manual feature engineering, a common step in traditional machine learning.
• Training with Backpropagation: Deep learning models are trained using a process called
backpropagation. During training, the model makes predictions, and the error between
predictions and actual outcomes is propagated backward through the network to adjust the
weights, minimizing the error over time.
 DEEP LEARNING - APPLICATIONS
Image and Video Recognition: Deep learning, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), is
widely used for image and video recognition tasks. Applications include object detection, image
classification, and video analysis, with uses ranging from security surveillance to autonomous vehicles.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Deep learning models, such as Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs) and Transformer models, are applied in NLP tasks. This includes machine translation, sentiment
analysis, text summarization, and chatbot development.
Speech Recognition: Deep learning is instrumental in developing accurate speech recognition
systems. Applications include voice assistants, transcription services, and voice-activated technologies.
Generative Models: Deep learning has led to the development of generative models like Generative
Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs). These models can generate realistic
images, videos, and even text, with applications in art, content creation, and data synthesis.
Healthcare Imaging: Deep learning is used in medical image analysis for tasks such as tumor
detection, pathology identification, and disease diagnosis. Deep neural networks can analyze complex
medical images like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans.
 DEEP LEARNING - APPLICATIONS
Autonomous Vehicles: Deep learning plays a crucial role in the development of self-driving cars. Neural
networks process data from sensors, such as cameras and LiDAR, to make real-time decisions for
navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Financial Forecasting: Deep learning models are employed in financial institutions for time series
analysis, predicting stock prices, and risk management. These models can identify complex patterns in
financial data.
Game Playing: Deep learning has been successful in mastering complex games. For example,
DeepMind's AlphaGo used deep neural networks to become a world champion in the ancient game of Go.
Drug Discovery and Bioinformatics: Deep learning is applied in drug discovery to analyze biological
data, predict molecular interactions, and identify potential drug candidates. This accelerates the drug
development process.
Gesture Recognition: Deep learning is used for recognizing gestures and movements in applications like
virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), enhancing user interaction in immersive environments.
DEEP LEARNING - BENEFITS
DEEP LEARNING - LIMITATIONS
DEEP LEARNING - LIMITATIONS
 NEURAL NETWORKS

• Neural network (artificial neural network or ANN) – an artificial intelligence

system that is capable of finding and differentiating patterns. Neural networks
are a fundamental component of both machine and deep learning. They are
computational models inspired by the structure and functioning of the human
brain, designed to learn and make predictions from data.

• Neural Network can:

• Learn on their own
• Take part in massive parallel processing and adjust to new circumstances
• Function without complete information
• Cope with huge volumes of information
• Analyze nonlinear relationships 22
W H AT I S N E U R A L N E T W O R K A N D H O W D O E S I T W O R K ?
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 N E U R A L N E T W O R K - A P P L I C AT I O N S

Image and Object Recognition: Neural networks, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are
widely used for image recognition tasks. Applications include object detection, facial recognition, and
image classification.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Neural networks, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and
Transformer models, play a crucial role in NLP applications such as language translation, sentiment
analysis, and chatbot development.
Speech Recognition: Neural networks are applied in speech recognition systems for tasks like voice
assistants, transcription services, and voice-controlled devices.
Autonomous Vehicles: Neural networks are essential for self-driving cars. They process data from sensors
to make real-time decisions, enabling navigation and obstacle avoidance.
Medical Diagnosis: Neural networks are used in healthcare for medical image analysis, disease diagnosis,
and predicting patient outcomes based on medical data.
Financial Forecasting: Neural networks are employed in financial institutions for tasks such as predicting
stock prices, fraud detection, and risk management.
Gesture Recognition: Neural networks are applied in gesture recognition systems for applications like
virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).
 N E U R A L N E T W O R K - A P P L I C AT I O N S

Recommendation Systems: Neural networks analyze user behavior to provide personalized

recommendations in platforms like streaming services, e-commerce, and social media.
Gaming: Neural networks are used in gaming for character behavior modeling, opponent AI,
and generating realistic environments.
Drug Discovery: Neural networks contribute to drug discovery by analyzing biological data,
predicting molecular interactions, and identifying potential drug candidates.
Cybersecurity: Neural networks help in detecting anomalies and potential security threats
by analyzing network traffic and identifying patterns indicative of malicious activity.
Robotics: Neural networks are utilized in robotics for tasks such as object manipulation,
path planning, and robot control.
Predictive Maintenance: Neural networks are applied in predicting equipment failures and
scheduling maintenance proactively, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
Energy Consumption Forecasting: Neural networks analyze historical data to predict energy
consumption patterns, aiding in efficient energy management.
 CHATGPT

ChatGPT falls under the category of machine learning and, more specifically, under the
broader umbrella of natural language processing (NLP). It utilizes a deep learning
model called the Transformer, which is a type of neural network architecture.
• Machine Learning: ChatGPT is fundamentally a machine learning model. It learns
patterns and generates responses based on the data it has been trained on.
• Deep Learning: The underlying architecture of ChatGPT, known as the Transformer,
is a deep learning architecture. Deep learning involves neural networks with multiple
layers (depth), allowing the model to automatically learn complex representations
from the input data.
• Neural Networks: The Transformer architecture, which powers ChatGPT, is a type of
neural network. Neural networks are composed of interconnected nodes organized
in layers, and they are capable of learning and making predictions based on patterns
in data.
 CHATGPT – BENEFITS TO BUSINESS

• 24/7 Customer Support: It can provide round-the-clock customer support, answering queries and resolving issues at any time,
improving customer satisfaction.
• Cost-Efficient: Using ChatGPT for repetitive tasks can be cost-effective compared to hiring and training a large support or
administrative team.
• Increased Efficiency: ChatGPT can handle multiple tasks simultaneously, speeding up processes and freeing up human resources for
more complex or strategic tasks.
• Scalability: As your business grows, ChatGPT can scale to handle increased customer interactions without the need for proportional
increases in staffing.
• Consistent Communication: ChatGPT ensures consistency in communication by delivering standardized responses and information,
maintaining a cohesive brand voice.
• Data Analysis: It can assist in analyzing large volumes of textual data, extracting insights, and summarizing information for better
decision-making.
• Enhanced User Experience: By providing quick and relevant information, ChatGPT contributes to a positive user experience,
potentially leading to increased customer loyalty.
• Time-Saving: It can automate time-consuming tasks, such as appointment scheduling, data entry, and basic information retrieval,
allowing employees to focus on more strategic activities.
• Language Translation: For businesses operating globally, ChatGPT can aid in language translation, facilitating communication with
international clients and partners.
• Content Generation: ChatGPT can assist in generating content for marketing materials, social media posts, and other communication
channels, saving time and effort.
 CHATGPT - CHALLENGES

• Lack of Context Understanding: ChatGPT might struggle with understanding context over a more extended conversation, leading to
potential misinterpretations or incorrect responses.
• Handling Ambiguity: It may have difficulty dealing with ambiguous queries or situations, as it relies heavily on patterns learned from
the data it was trained on.
• Security Concerns: Businesses need to be cautious when using ChatGPT for handling sensitive information, as it might inadvertently
generate responses that disclose confidential data.
• Training and Fine-Tuning: Achieving the desired level of accuracy may require significant fine-tuning, which can be time-consuming
and may need expertise in machine learning.
• Ethical Considerations: Businesses must be mindful of the ethical implications of using AI in customer interactions, ensuring that the
technology is used responsibly and aligns with ethical standards.
• User Trust: Users may be skeptical or hesitant to interact with a chatbot, especially if they perceive it as impersonal or incapable of
understanding complex queries.
• Integration Challenges: Implementing ChatGPT into existing systems and workflows can be challenging, requiring integration with
other tools and platforms.
• Limited Domain Knowledge: ChatGPT's responses are based on patterns learned from diverse data, so it may not have specific
knowledge about industry-specific or proprietary information.
• Training Data Bias: If the training data contains biases, ChatGPT may unintentionally generate biased or discriminatory responses.
• Constant Monitoring and Updates: Businesses need to continually monitor and update ChatGPT to ensure it adapts to changes in user
behavior, language trends, and the evolving needs of the business.
 CHATGPT - APPLICATIONS
• Customer Service & Support: Chatbots powered by ChatGPT can be integrated into customer service channels, such as live chats or phone calls, to
automate responses to common queries. They can also help route customer queries to the appropriate teams or provide real-time customer
support. By automating customer service, businesses can reduce response times, improve customer satisfaction, and reduce operational costs.
• Lead Generation: It can assist in qualifying leads by gathering initial information and understanding customer needs.
• Virtual Assistants: Businesses use ChatGPT as virtual assistants to help with scheduling, managing appointments, and handling administrative tasks.
• Content Creation & Curation: ChatGPT can be used to generate human-like content, including articles, blogs, and social media posts. This content
can then be curated and published on relevant platforms to improve brand visibility and engage with customers. It can also automate content
curation by providing recommendations based on user preferences, search history, and behavior patterns.
• Training and Onboarding: It can be used for employee training, answering onboarding questions, and providing information about company
policies.
• Language Translation: CHAT GPT's language capabilities can also be utilized to provide language translation services. By integrating CHAT GPT into
a chatbot, businesses can offer real-time translation services to users who speak different languages. This can be particularly useful for businesses
with a global customer base or for those operating in international markets.
• E-commerce Assistance: Businesses use ChatGPT to assist customers in finding products, making purchase decisions, and answering frequently
asked questions.
• Data Analysis: It can help in extracting insights from textual data, summarizing reports, and providing analysis based on the information available.
• Conduct Market Research: CHAT GPT can also be used to conduct market research and gather insights from customers. By integrating CHAT GPT
into a survey or feedback chatbot, businesses can collect data on customer preferences, feedback, and opinions. CHAT GPT can analyze the
responses and provide valuable insights that can inform business strategies and decision-making.
• Streamline Business Operations: CHAT GPT can also be leveraged to streamline internal business operations. By integrating CHAT GPT into internal
communication tools, businesses can automate tasks such as scheduling appointments, booking meetings, sending reminders, and managing
workflows. CHAT GPT can act as a virtual assistant, helping employees save time and improve productivity.
 CHATGPT - APPLICATIONS
 Recruitment and hiring
ChatGPT can automate the recruitment process by screening resumes and conducting initial interviews with candidates. This can save HR
teams significant time and effort while also ensuring that only the most qualified candidates are shortlisted for further consideration. This AI
chatbot can also provide insights into the candidate’s personality, behavior, and work style based on their responses to interview questions.
 Healthcare diagnosis and treatment
ChatGPT can be trained on medical data to assist doctors in diagnosing and treating patients. It can analyze medical records, lab reports, and
other data to provide real-time insights into a patient’s health condition. ChatGPT can also be used to suggest personalized treatment plans
and track patient progress.
 Financial services and investment
ChatGPT can be used to automate financial analysis and decision-making processes. It can analyze financial data, such as stock prices and
market trends, to provide insights into investment opportunities. ChatGPT can also be used to automate customer support for
financial services by providing real-time investment advice and answering customer queries.
 Education and training
ChatGPT can be used to automate certain aspects of education and training, such as grading assignments, answering student queries, and
creating lesson plans. It can also be used to provide personalized learning experiences by adapting to each student’s learning style and pace.
 Marketing and advertising
ChatGPT can be used to generate personalized marketing messages based on user data and behavior patterns. It can also be used to
automate ad targeting and placement, ensuring that ads are served to the right audience at the right time. It can also assist in lead
generation and nurturing by answering user queries and providing relevant information.
 Legal services
ChatGPT can be used to automate certain legal services, such as contract drafting and review. It can analyze legal documents, such as
contracts and agreements, to ensure that they are accurate and legally binding. ChatGPT can also assist in legal research by providing
insights into case law and legal precedents.
10 POWER EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
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L O B L AW U S E S M I C R O S O F T A I
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 HOW POWERFUL AI WILL BE IN 2030?
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