PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
1 CHAPTER 3:
THE
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ The goal of communication is to convey
information—and the understanding of that
information—from one person or group to
another person or group.

3
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ This communication process is divided into three
basic components:
￮ A sender transmits a message through a
channel to the receiver.
￮ The sender first develops an idea, which is
composed into a message and then
transmitted to the other party, who interprets
the message and receives meaning.

4
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ This communication process is divided into three
basic components:
￮ Information theorists have added somewhat
more complicated language.
￮ Developing a message is known as
encoding. Interpreting the message is
referred to as decoding.

5
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ This communication process is divided into three
basic components:
￮ The other important feature is the feedback
cycle.
￮ When two people interact, communication is
rarely one‐way only.
￮ When a person receives a message, she
responds to it by giving a reply. The
feedback cycle is the same as the sender‐
receiver feedback
6
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ This communication process is divided into three
basic components:
￮ The critical factor in measuring the
effectiveness of communication is common
understanding.
￮ Understanding exists when all parties
involved have a mutual agreement as to not
only the information, but also the meaning
of the information.

7
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ This communication process is divided into three
basic components:
￮ Effective communication, therefore, occurs
when the intended message of the sender
and the interpreted message of the receiver
are one and the same.
￮ Although this should be the goal in any
communication, it is not always achieved.

8
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ The most efficient communication occurs at a
minimum cost in terms of resources expended.
￮ Time is an important resource in the
communication process.
￮ For example, it would be virtually impossible for
an instructor to take the time to communicate
individually with each student in a class about
every specific topic covered.

9
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ Even if it was possible, it would be costly.
￮ Therefore, managers often leave voice mail
messages and interact by e‐mail rather than visit
their subordinates personally.

10
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ However, efficient time‐saving communications
are not always effective.
￮ A low‐cost approach such as an e‐mail note to a
distribution list may save time, but it does not
always result in everyone getting the same
meaning from the message.

11
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ Without opportunities to ask questions and
clarify the message, erroneous interpretations are
possible.
￮ In addition to a poor choice of communication
method, other barriers to effective
communication include noise and other physical
distractions, language problems, and failure to
recognize nonverbal signals.

12
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS

13
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
￮ There are many communication models that can be
used to visually describe different communication
situations.

14
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
I. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1)

￮ Aristotle proposed the model before 300 B.C. He

found the importance of the audience role in
communication chain. This model is more
focused on public speaking than interpersonal
communication.
￮

15
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
I. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1)

￮ Aristotle ‘s Model of Communication is formed

with five (5) basic elements, namely:
1. Speaker
2. Speech
3. Occasion
4. Audience, and
5. Effect.

16
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
I. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1)

￮ Aristotle advises speakers to build speech for

different audience on different time (occasion)
and for different effect.

17
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
I. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (1)

18
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)

￮ Aristotle defined communication (called RHETORIC in

his time) as “the faculty of observing, in any given case,
the available means of persuasion.”
￮ The model shows the process which the speaker must
follow to communicate his idea or message to his
intended listener.
￮ This process involves four steps:

19
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)

￮ This process involves four steps:

1. A speaker discovers some logical, emotional and
ethical proofs;
2. He arranges these materials strategically;
3. He clothes the ideas in clear, compelling words;
and
4. He delivers the resulting speech appropriately.

20
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)
IMPORTANT SKILLS OF A SPEAKER

￮ The Aristotelian model seems to emphasize four important

“faculties” or skills of a speaker, which he must use (observe)
as a means of persuading his listeners (audience) to act
according to his please or intentions.

21
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)
IMPORTANT SKILLS OF A SPEAKER

￮ These skills are as follows:

1. Logical reasoning skills coupled with the ability to
present ethical and emotional proofs of ideas he
advances or proposes;
2. Skills in organizing or positioning his speech materials
strategically (or simply put, the proper ordering or
sequencing of materials in order to help the listener
follow the speaker ‘s thoughts to an effective close or
ending);
22
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)
IMPORTANT SKILLS OF A SPEAKER

￮ These skills are as follows:

3. Skills in presenting his ideas/ messages in clear and
compelling words; and
4. Skills in delivering his resultant speech in appropriate
oratorical style (e.g., correct pronunciation, volume of
voice, rate of speed, gestures or body language, timing,
etc.).

23
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)
￮ Although not specifically indicated in the model above, it is
clear that the communication process has these elements:
1. a Speaker,
2. an Idea or Message, and
3. an Audience or Listener (s).
￮ It can also be safely assumed that there is a channel chosen –
the means to carry the idea or message across to the listener;
and the channel chosen is the human voice – the public
speech instrument.

24
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
II. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL (2)

25
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
III. SHANNON’S MODEL
￮ This model argues that communication can be broken down
into 6 key concepts:
1. sender,
2. encoder,
3. channel,
4. noise,
5. decoder, and
6. receiver.
￮ A later version of the theory by Warren Weaver added a 7th
concept (‘feedback’) which changed the model from a linear
to cyclical model (Drew, 2020).
26
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
III. SHANNON’S MODEL
￮ It is known as the “mother of all models” because
of its wide popularity.
￮ The model is also known as “information theory”
or the “Shannon theory” because Shannon was
the main person who developed the theory.
￮ The model ‘s primary value is in explaining how
messages are lost and distorted in the process of
communication (Drew, 2020).

27
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
III. SHANNON’S MODEL

28
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL

￮ Drew, C. (2020) explains that the Shannon-Weaver

model follows the concept of communication in a linear
fashion from sender to receiver with the following
steps:

29
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
1. Sender (Information Source)

o The model starts with the sender. They are the

person (or object, or thing) who has the information
to begin with (the “information source”). The
sender starts the process by choosing a message to
send, someone to send the message to, and a
channel through which to send the message.

30
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
1. Sender (Information Source)

o A sender can send a message in multiple different

ways: it may be orally (through spoken word), in
writing, through body language, music, etc.
o Example: A sender might be the person reading a
newscast on the nightly news. They will choose
what to say and how to say it before the newscast
begins.

31
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
2. Encoder (Transmitter)
￮ The encoder is the machine (or person) that
converts the idea into signals that can be sent from
the sender to the receiver.
￮ The Shannon model was designed originally to
explain communication through means such as
telephone and computers which encode our words
using codes like binary digits or radio waves.

32
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
2. Encoder (Transmitter)
￮ However, the encoder can also be a person that turns
an idea into spoken words, written words, or sign
language to communicate an idea to someone.
￮ Examples: The encoder might be a telephone, which
converts our voice into binary 1s and 0s to be sent
down the telephone lines (the channel). Another
encode might be a radio station, which converts voice
into waves to be sent via radio to someone.

33
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
3. Channel

￮ The channel of communication is the infrastructure

that gets information from the sender and
transmitter through to the decoder and receiver.
We sometimes also call this the “medium”.
￮ Examples: A person sending an email is using the
world wide web (internet) as a medium. A person
talking on a landline phone is using cables and
electrical wires as their channel.

34
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
3. Channel

￮ If we’re face-to-face, perhaps we don’t have a

channel, except the sound waves from our voice
that carry the sound from the sender’s mouth to the
receiver‘s ear.

35
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
4. Noise
￮
￮ Noise interrupts a message while it’s on the way
from the sender to the receiver. It’s named after the
idea that “noise” could interrupt our understanding
of a message. There are two types of noise: internal
and external.

36
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
4. Noise
￮
￮ Internal noise happens when a sender makes a
mistake encoding a message or a receiver makes a
mistake decoding the message. Here’s the two
points where it can happen: At the point of
encoding (for example, when you misspell a word
in a text message); At the point of decoding (for
example, when someone misinterprets a sentence
when reading an email).

37
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
4. Noise
￮
￮ External noise happens when something external
(not in the control of sender or receiver) impedes
the message. So, external noise happens:

38
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
4. Noise
￮
￮ At the point of transmission through the channel
(for example, when we’re having a conversation by
a busy highway and the receiver is having trouble
hearing over the sound of cars) One of the key
goals for people who use this theory is to identify
the causes of noise and try to minimize them to
improve the quality of the message.

39
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
4. Noise
￮
￮ Examples of external noise may include the
crackling of a poorly tuned radio, a lost letter in the
post, an interruption in a television broadcast, or a
failed internet connection.
￮ Examples of internal noise may include someone
having a headache so they can‘t concentrate,
someone speaking with a heavy accent, or when the
sender mumbles when speaking.

40
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
5. Decoder

￮ Decoding is the exact opposite of encoding. Shannon

and Weaver made this model in reference to
communication that happens through devices like
telephones. So, in this model, there usually needs to
be a device that decodes a message from binary
digits or waves back into a format that can be
understood by the receiver.

41
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
5. Decoder

￮ If we’re talking about direct communication between

people without the use of technology, there may still
be a need for decoding. For example, you might need
to decode a secret message, turn written words into
something that makes sense in your mind by reading
them out loud, or you may need to interpret (decode)
the meaning behind a picture that was sent to you.

42
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
5. Decoder

￮ Examples: Decoders can include computers that turn

binary packets of 1s and 0s into pixels on a screen
that make words, a telephone that turns signals such
as digits or waves back into sounds, and cell phones
that also turn bits of data into readable (and
listenable) messages.

43
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
6. Receiver (Destination)

￮ The receiver is the end-point of Shannon and Weaver’s

original linear framework. This is the step where the
person finally gets the message, or what’s left of it after
accounting for noise.
￮ Examples of a receiver might be the person on the other
end of a telephone, the person reading an email you sent
them, an automated payments system online that has
received credit card details for payment, etc.

44
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
7. Feedback

￮ The “feedback” step was not originally proposed

by Shannon and Weaver in 1948. Norbert Weiner
came up with the feedback step in response to
criticism of the linear nature of the approach.
(“Linear” means that the messages are only going
one way).

45
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
7. Feedback

￮ Feedback occurs when the receiver of the message

responds to the sender in order to close the
communication loop. They might respond to let
the sender know they got the message or to show
the sender:

46
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
7. Feedback

￮ Whether they got the message clearly without noise

How well they understand the message Nonetheless,
the “feedback” elements seem like a post-hoc add-on
to the model and is the subject of a lot of criticism
(see later in this article on “disadvantages of the
model” for details).

47
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
7. Feedback

￮ Examples: Feedback does not occur in all

situations. Sometimes, like when watching TV, we
don’t tend to let the people talking on the TV
know what we’re thinking … we simply watch the
show.
￮ Sometimes when feedback will occur include
during a chat between friends When you write a
reply email Through your facial expressions and
body language during a conversation etc.

48
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
IV. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL

49
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL

￮ Berlo‘s model follows the SMCR model. This

model is not specific to any communication.
￮ Berlo‘s model includes a number of factors under
each of the elements:
• Source: The source is situated where the
message originates.

50
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Communication skills - It is the skill of the
individual to communicate. For example, the
ability to read, write, speak, listen etc.
• Attitudes - This includes attitudes towards the
audience, subject and towards oneself. For
example, for the student, the attitude is to
learn more and for teachers, it is to help teach.

51
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Knowledge - Communicating also means that
the person needs to be knowledgeable about
the subject or topic. For e.g., a teacher needs
to know about the subject in detail that he or
she teaches so that they can communicate
properly such that the students understand
here.

52
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Social system - The social system includes the
various aspects of society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and a general understanding
of society. It is where the communication
takes place. For example, classrooms differ
from country to country just like people’s
behaviors and how they communicate, etc.

53
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Culture: Culture of a particular society also
comes under the social system.

￮ According to this model, people can

communicate only if the above requirements are
met in the proper or adequate proportion.

54
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Encoder: The sender of the message, from
where the message originates, is referred to as
the encoder. So, the source encodes the message
here.

55
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Message
 Content - The body of a message, from the
beginning to the end, comprises its content.
For example, whatever the class teacher
teaches in the class, from beginning to end,
is the content of the message.

56
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Message
 Elements - It includes various things like
language, gestures, body language, etc.
They constitute all the elements of a
particular message. Any content is
accompanied by some elements.

57
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Message
 Treatment - It refers to the packing of the
message and the way in which the message
is conveyed or the way in which it is
passed on or delivered.
 Structure - The structure of the message
refers to how it is arranged; the way people
structure the message into various parts.

58
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Message
 Code - The code of the message refers to
the means through which it is sent and in
what form. It could be, for example,
language, body language, gestures, music,
etc. Even culture is a code. Through this,
people give and receive messages and
communication takes place.

59
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
• Channel - It refers to the five sense organs.
The following are the five senses:
1. Hearing
2. Seeing
3. Touching
4. Smelling
5. Tasting

60
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
o Communication occurs through one or more of
these channels.
• Decoder: The person who receives the message
and decodes it is referred to a decoder.
• Receiver: The receiver needs to think all the
contents and elements of the source, so as to
communicate/responds to sender effectively.

61
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
o Berlo’s model believes that for effective
communication to take place, the source and the
receiver need to be on the same level. Only then
communication will happen or take place
properly. Hence, the source and the receiver
should be similar.

62
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
o For example, if the communication skill of the
source is good, then the receiver should have
equally good listening skills.
o It cannot be said that the receiver does not receive
the whole message because even though he may
receive it but may not be able to interpret its
meaning. For effective communication, the source
and the receiver need to be on the same level.

63
 THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of communication:
1. There is a lack of feedback. The effects are
practically unknown.
2. It does not mention the barriers to
communication.
3. There is no room for noise.
4. It is a rather complex model.
5. It is a linear model of communication.

64
 THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL
Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of communication:
6. It requires people to be on the same level for
effective communication to happen. However,
that rarely happens in everyday life.
o The main drawback of the model is that it omits the
usage of sixth sense as a channel of
communication, which is an asset to human beings
(thinking, understanding, analyzing etc.)

65
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
5. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL

66
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
￮ Janse (2019) in his article explains that the Schramm
Communication Model is a cyclical communication
model containing all basic principles of communication.
￮ The Schramm Communication Model offers a classic
approach to and explanation of communication.
￮ It can be used to determine how communication
between two people works when they’re exchanging
information, ideas, or attitudes.

67
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954

￮ The cyclical communication model is based on the

theory and belief that communication is a two-way
street. This means there’s at least a sender and a
recipient. The model contains at least one other element
as well; the message itself.

68
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954

￮ Wilbur Schramm published the circular communication

model in 1954, several years after Lasswell’s
communication model was published. Schramm wrote
and spoke about the communication model—based on
the model by Charles Egerton Osgood— in his book
“The Process and Effects of Mass Communication”.

69
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954

￮ He later made some changes, including introducing the

field of experience, or commonality.
￮ This refers to what is mutually understood between the
recipient and the sender.
￮ A physics professor can teach mathematical principles
to a class of psychology students, but it won’t be easy as
the students don‘t share a field of experience that would
have made it easier to understand the message.

70
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
￮ According to the Schramm Communication Model,
communication is circular, and the sender and recipient
of the message can be the same person. A message is
encrypted and passed on to the same person or to a
different person. It is up to the recipient to decrypt the
message, interpret it, and then encode it again before
sending the message to a new recipient (circular). There
is no fourth element, such as the in Berlo‘s SMCR
communication model.

71
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Source (Encoder)
￮ The source of the message is the sender; the
party who sent the message. The source must be
clear when sending the message and must be
able to show why it is important that the
recipient reads it. Therefore, the sender of a
message must make sure that the information he
is providing is useful, relevant, and accurate.

72
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Source (Encoder)
￮ In order to ensure that the recipient can properly
read the message, it must be encoded. This means it
is necessary for the recipient to know the sender.
The success of the attempt at communication will
depend on the ability to bring across the
information in a simple but clear way. The way in
which the message is encoded is influenced by
cultural aspects, perceptions, knowledge, attitudes,
experiences, and skills.

73
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Recipient (Decoder)
￮ The recipient of a message is the person or group to
whom the message has been sent. Whether the recipient
can decode the message depends on several factors. For
instance, how much does the individual know about the
topic of the message, but also how open are they for a
message and do they trust the source. The interpretations
of the recipient are influenced by cultural aspects,
perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and skills
as well.

74
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Recipient (Decoder)
￮ Decoding a message is a psychological process.
After the message has been received, the stimulus
is immediately sent to the brain for interpretation.
This is where the message is given meaning, if at
all. This processing phase is also called decoding.
Communication is successful when the recipient
correctly interprets the message from the source.

75
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Message
￮ In the studies of rhetoric and
communication, a message is defined as
information. This information is
communicated through words or other
characters and symbols.

76
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Message
￮ A message, either verbal or non-verbal, is the
content of the communication process and
plays an important role in the Schramm
Communication Model.

77
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954
Three Elements
7. Message
￮ A message may contain verbal content, such as
speech, sign language, emails, WhatsApp
messages, or phone calls. A message can also
consist of nonverbal content, such as behavior,
gestures, body language, eye contact, physical
contact, timing, and even artefacts.

78
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
6. SCHRAMM’S MODEL, 1954

79
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ Transactional model of communication is the exchange

of messages between sender and receiver where each
take turns to send or receive messages.
￮ Here, both sender and receiver are known as
communicators and their role reverses each time in the
communication process as both processes of sending
and receiving occurs at the same time.

80
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ The communicators can be humans or machines, but

humans are taken as communicators in this article to
analyze general communication between humans. The
model is mostly used for interpersonal communication
and is also called circular model of communication.

81
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ Transactional model is the process of continuous change

and transformation where every component is changing
such as the people, their environments and the medium
used. Due to this, it assumes the communicators to be
independent and act any way they want.

82
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ Since both sender and receiver are necessary to keep the

communication alive in transactional model, the
communicators are also interdependent to each other.
For example, transactional communication is not
possible if the receiver is not listening to sender.

83
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ The transactional model is the most general model of

communication. Every day talk and interactions are also
a form of transactional model communication. It is more
efficient for communicators with similar environment
and individual aspects. For instance, communication
between people who know each other is more efficient
as they share same social system.

84
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

￮ In transactional model, efficiency and reliability of

communicated message also depends on the medium
used. For example, the same message might not be
perceived by a person the same way when it is sent
through a phone and when it is provided face to face. It
is because of possible loss of message on a phone call or
absence of gestures.

85
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
7. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION

Differences Between Transactional and Other

Communication Models

86
 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
TRANSACTIONAL MODELS OTHER MODELS
Used for interpersonal Used for Intrapersonal, interpersonal,
communication group or mass communications
Senders and Receivers are known as Senders and receivers
Communicators, they are
interchange their roles different people
Includes the role of context and Role of context and environment are not
environment mentioned in other models
Includes noise and communication Not necessarily have the concept of noise
barriers as factors
Talks about non-verbal Ignores non-verbal
communication communication
Simultaneous feedback Feedback comes later in interaction
model and is not included in linear model

87
THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS

88