Python Chapter+02+Slides

Chapter 2
How to write
your first programs
© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's Python Programming (2nd Ed.) C2, Slide 1
Applied objectives
1. Use the IDLE shell to test numeric and string operations.
2. Code, test, and debug programs that require the skills that you’ve
learned in this chapter. That includes the use of:
comments for documenting your code and commenting out
statements
implicit and explicit continuation
str, int, and float values and variables
multiple assignment
arithmetic expressions
string concatenation with the + operator and f-strings
special characters in strings
the built-in print(), input(), str(), float(), int(), and round()
functions
function chaining

Knowledge objectives (part 1)
1. Describe the use of indentation when coding Python statements.
2. Describe the use of Python comments, including “commenting
out” portions of Python code.
3. Describe these data types: str, int, float.
4. List two recommendations for creating a Python variable name.
5. Distinguish between underscore notation (snake case) and camel
case.
6. Describe the evaluation of an arithmetic expression, including
order of precedence and the use of parentheses.
7. Distinguish among these arithmetic operators: /, //, and %.
8. Describe the use of += operator in a compound arithmetic
expression.
9. Describe the use of escape sequences when working with strings.

Knowledge objectives (part 2)
10.Describe the syntax for calling one of Python’s built-in
functions.
11. Describe the use of the print(), input(), str(), float(), int(), and
round() functions.
12.Describe what it means to chain functions.

The Python code for a Test Scores program
#!/usr/bin/env python3
counter = 0
score_total = 0
test_score = 0
while test_score != 999:

test_score = int(input("Enter test score: "))
if test_score >= 0 and test_score <= 100:
score_total += test_score
counter += 1
average_score = round(score_total / counter)
print("Total Score: " + str(score_total))

print("Average Score: " + str(average_score))

An indentation error
print("Total Score: " + str(score_total))
print("Average Score: " + str(average_score))

Two ways to continue one statement over two
or more lines
Implicit continuation
print("Total Score: " + str(score_total)
+ "\nAverage Score: " + str(average_score))
Explicit continuation
print("Total Score: " + str(score_total) \

Coding rules
 Python relies on proper indentation. Incorrect indentation causes
an error.
 The standard indentation is four spaces.
 With implicit continuation, you can divide statements after
parentheses, brackets, and braces, and before or after operators
like plus or minus signs.
 With explicit continuation, you can use the \ character to divide
statements anywhere in a line.

The Test Scores program with comments (part 1)
# This is a tutorial program that illustrates the use of

# the while and if statements
# initialize variables
counter = 0
score_total = 0
test_score = 0
# get scores
while test_score != 999:
test_score = int(input("Enter test score: "))
if test_score >= 0 and test_score <= 100:
score_total += test_score # add score to total
counter += 1 # add 1 to counter

The Test Scores program with comments (part 2)
# calculate average score
#average_score = score_total / counter
#average_score = round(average_score)
average_score = round( # implicit continuation
score_total / counter) # same results as
# commented out statements
# display the result

print("======================")
print("Total Score: " + str(score_total) # implicit cont.

Guidelines for using comments
 Use comments to describe portions of code that are hard to
understand, but don’t overdo them.
 Use comments to comment out (or disable) statements that you
don’t want to test.
 If you change the code that’s described by comments, change the
comments too.

The syntax for calling any function
function_name([arguments])
The print() function

print([data])
A script with three statements

print("Hello out there!")
print()
print("Goodbye!")
The console after the program runs

Hello out there!
Goodbye!

Three Python data types
Data type Name Examples
str String "Mike" "40"
'Please enter name: '
int Integer 21 450 0 -25
float Floating-point 21.9 450.25

0.01 -25.2 3.1416

Code that initializes variables
first_name = "Mike" # sets first_name to a str of "Mike"
quantity1 = 3 # sets quantity1 to an int of 3
list_price = 19.99 # sets list_price to a float of 19.99
Code that assigns new values

to the variables above
first_name = "Joel" # sets first_name to a str of "Joel"
quantity1 = quantity2 # sets quantity1 to an int of 5
quantity1 = "15" # sets quantity1 to a str of "15"
Code that assigns values to two variables

quantity1 = 3, list_price = 19.99
Code that causes an error due to incorrect case

quantity1 = Quantity2 # NameError: 'Quantity2' is not defined

How to code literal values
 To code a literal value for a string, enclose the characters of the
string in single or double quotation marks. This is called a string
literal.
 To code a literal value for a number, code the number without
quotation marks. This is called a numeric literal.

Rules for naming variables
 A variable name must begin with a letter or underscore.
 A variable name can’t contain spaces, punctuation, or special
characters other than the underscore.
 A variable name can’t begin with a number, but can use numbers
later in the name.
 A variable name can’t be the same as a keyword that’s reserved
by Python.

Python keywords
and except lambda while
as False None with
assert finally nonlocal yield
break for not
class from or
continue global pass
def if raise
del import return
elif in True
else is try

Two naming styles for variables
variable_name # underscore notation
variableName # camel case
Recommendations for naming variables

 Start all variable names with a lowercase letter.
 Use underscore notation or camel case.
 Use meaningful names that are easy to remember.
 Don’t use the names of built-in functions, such as print().

Python’s arithmetic operators
Operator Name
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
// Integer division
% Modulo / Remainder
** Exponentiation

Examples with two operands
Example Result
5 + 4 9
25 / 4 6.25
25 // 4 6
25 % 4 1
3 ** 2 9

The order of precedence
Order Operators Direction
1 ** Left to right
2 * / // % Left to right
3 + - Left to right

Examples that show the order of precedence
and use of parentheses
Example Result
3 + 4 * 5 23 (the multiplication is done first)
(3 + 4) * 5 35 (the addition is done first)

Code that calculates sales tax
subtotal = 200.00
tax_percent = .05
tax_amount = subtotal * tax_percent # 10.0
grand_total = subtotal + tax_amount # 210.0
Code that calculates the perimeter of a rectangle

width = 4.25
length = 8.5
perimeter = (2 * width) + (2 * length) # 25.5

The most useful compound assignment operators
+=
-=
*=
Two ways to increment the number in a variable

counter = 0
counter = counter + 1 # counter = 1
counter += 1 # counter = 2
Code that adds two numbers to a variable

score_total = 0 # score_total = 0
score_total += 70 # score_total = 70
score_total += 80 # score_total = 150

More compound assignment operator examples
total = 1000.0
total += 100.0 # total = 1100.0
counter = 10
counter -= 1 # counter = 9
price = 100
price *= .8 # price = 80.0

A floating-point result that isn’t precise
subtotal = 74.95 # subtotal = 74.95
tax = subtotal * .1 # tax = 7.495000000000001

The Python shell after some numeric testing

How to use the shell
 To test a statement, type it at the prompt and press the Enter key.
You can also type the name of a variable at the prompt to see
what its value is.
 Any variables that you create remain active for the current
session. As a result, you can use them in statements that you
enter later in the same session.
 To retype your previous entry, press Alt+p (Windows) or
Command+p (macOS).
 To cycle through all of the previous entries, continue pressing the
Alt+p (Windows) or Command+p (macOS) keystroke until the
entry you want is displayed at the prompt.

How to assign strings to variables
first_name = "Bob" # Bob
last_name = 'Smith' # Smith
name = "" # (empty string)
name = "Bob Smith" # Bob Smith

How to join strings
With the + operator
name = last_name + ", " + first_name
# name is "Smith, Bob"
With an f-string
name = f"{last_name}, {first_name}"
# name is "Smith, Bob"

The str() function
str(data)
How to join a string and a number

name = "Bob Smith"
age = 40
With the + operator and the str() function
message = name + " is " + str(age) + " years old."
With an f-string
message = f"{name} is {age} years old."
# str() function not needed

Common escape sequences
Sequence Character
\n New line
\t Tab
\r Return
\" Quotation mark in a double quoted string
\' Quotation mark in a single quoted string
\\ Backslash

Implicit continuation of a string
With the + operator
print("Name: " + name + "\n" +
"Age: " + str(age))
With an f-string
print(f"Name: {name}\n"
f"Age: {age}")

The new line character
print("Title: Python Programming\nQuantity: 5")
Displayed on the console

Title: Python Programming
Quantity: 5
The tab and new line characters

print("Title:\t\tPython Programming\nQuantity:\t5")

Title: Python Programming
Quantity: 5

The backslash in a Windows path
print("C:\\murach\\python")

C:\murach\python
Four ways to include quotation marks in a string

"Type \"x\" to exit" # String is: Type "x" to exit.
'Type \'x\' to exit' # String is: Type 'x' to exit.
"Type 'x' to exit" # String is: Type 'x' to exit.
'Type "x" to exit' # String is: Type "x" to exit.

The Python shell with string testing

Review of how to use the shell
 To test a statement, type it at the prompt and press the Enter key.
You can also type the name of a variable at the prompt to see
what its value is.
 Any variables that you create remain active for the current
session. As a result, you can use them in statements that you
enter later in the same session.
 To retype the previous statement on Windows, press Alt+p. To
cycle through all of the previous statements, continue pressing
Alt+p. On macOS, use Command+p.

The syntax of the print() function
print(data[, sep=' '][, end='\n'])
Three print() functions

print(19.99) # 19.99
print("Price:", 19.99) # Price: 19.99
print(1, 2, 3, 4) # 1 2 3 4

Two ways to get the same result
A print() function that receives four arguments
print("Total Score:", score_total,
"\nAverage Score:", average_score)
A print() function that receives one string

as the argument
print(f"Total Score: {score_total}"
f"\nAverage Score: {average_score}")
The data that’s displayed by both functions

Total Score: 240
Average Score: 80

Examples that use the sep and end arguments
print(1,2,3,4,sep=' | ') # 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
print(1,2,3,4,end='!!!') # 1 2 3 4!!!

The input() function
input([prompt])
Code that gets string input from the user

first_name = input("Enter your first name: ")
print(f"Hello, {first_name}!")
The console
Enter your first name: Mike
Hello, Mike!

Another way to get input from the user
print("What is your first name?")
first_name = input()
print(f"Hello, {first_name}!")
The console
What is your first name?
Mike
Hello, Mike!

Code that attempts to get numeric input
score_total = 0
score = input("Enter your score: ")
score_total += score # causes an error
# because score is a string

Three functions for working with numbers
int(data)
float(data)
round(number [,digits])
Code that causes an exception

x = 15
y = "5"
z = x + y # TypeError: can't add an int to a str
How using the int() function fixes the exception

x = 15
y = "5"
z = x + int(y) # z is 20

Code that gets an int value from the user
quantity = input("Enter the quantity: ") # get str
type
quantity = int(quantity) # convert to int type
How to use chaining to get the value in one statement

quantity = int(input("Enter the quantity: "))

Code that gets a float value from the user
price = input("Enter the price: ") # get str type
price = float(price) # convert to float type
How to use chaining to get the value in one statement

price = float(input("Enter the price: "))

Code that uses the round() function
miles_driven = 150
gallons_used = 5.875
mpg = miles_driven / gallons_used # 25.53191489361702
mpg = round(mpg, 2) # 25.53
How to combine the last two statements

mpg = round(miles_driven / gallons_used, 2)

The console for the Miles Per Gallon program
The Miles Per Gallon program
Enter miles driven: 150

Enter gallons of gas used: 35.875
Miles Per Gallon: 4.18
Bye!

The code for the Miles Per Gallon program
# display a title
print("The Miles Per Gallon program")
print()
# get input from the user

miles_driven = float(input("Enter miles driven:\t\t"))
gallons_used = float(input(
"Enter gallons of gas used:\t"))
# calculate and round miles per gallon

mpg = miles_driven / gallons_used
mpg = round(mpg, 2)
# display the result

print()
print(f"Miles Per Gallon:\t\t{mpg}")
print()
print("Bye!")

The console for the Test Scores program
The Test Scores program
Enter 3 test scores

======================
Enter test score: 75
======================
Total Score: 255
Average Score: 85
Bye!

The code for the Test Scores program
# display a title
print("The Test Scores program")
print()
print("Enter 3 test scores")
print("======================")
# get scores from the user and accumulate the total

total_score = 0 # initialize the total_score variable
total_score += int(input("Enter test score: "))
# calculate average score

average_score = round(total_score / 3)
# format and display the result

print("======================")
print("Total Score: ", total_score,
"\nAverage Score:", average_score)
print()
print("Bye!")


Python Chapter+02+Slides

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Python Chapter+02+Slides

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Chapter 2

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

while test_score != 999:

average_score = round(score_total / counter)

print("Total Score: " + str(score_total))

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

# This is a tutorial program that illustrates the use of

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

# display the result

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

The print() function

A script with three statements

The console after the program runs

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

int Integer 21 450 0 -25

float Floating-point 21.9 450.25

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that assigns new values

Code that assigns values to two variables

Code that causes an error due to incorrect case

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Recommendations for naming variables

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that calculates the perimeter of a rectangle

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Two ways to increment the number in a variable

Code that adds two numbers to a variable

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to join a string and a number

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Displayed on the console

The tab and new line characters

Displayed on the console

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Displayed on the console

Four ways to include quotation marks in a string

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Three print() functions

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

A print() function that receives one string

The data that’s displayed by both functions

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that gets string input from the user

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that causes an exception

How using the int() function fixes the exception

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to use chaining to get the value in one statement

© 2021, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.