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Machine Learning-Lecture 01

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, including definitions of machine learning, the different types of machine learning problems including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning, and some common machine learning applications and issues. Key aspects covered include how machine learning allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed, the importance of features in machine learning, and overfitting and underfitting as common issues.

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Amna Arooj
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50 views

Machine Learning-Lecture 01

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, including definitions of machine learning, the different types of machine learning problems including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning, and some common machine learning applications and issues. Key aspects covered include how machine learning allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed, the importance of features in machine learning, and overfitting and underfitting as common issues.

Uploaded by

Amna Arooj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Learning

INTRODUCTION
LECTURE – 01

INSTRUCTOR: LEC LARAIB ZAINAB


Course Objectives
The aim of this course is to:
1. Present the basic machine learning concepts
2. Present a range of machine learning algorithms along with their strengths and
weaknesses
3. Apply machine learning algorithms to solve problems of moderate complexity
Resources
Recommended Books
1. Machine Learning, Tom, M., McGraw Hill, 1997.
2. Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective, Kevin P. Murphy, MIT Press,2012
Course Resources
3. Lectures slides
4. Additional references shall be provided (if any)
What is Machine Learning?

Make the machine Evaluate how good the


‘learn’ some thing machine has ‘learned’
Machine Learning

Field of study that gives computers the


ability to learn without being explicitly
programmed.
Arthur Sameul (1959)

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Machine Learning

Machine learning is programming computers


to optimize a performance criterion using
example data or past experience.

Tom Mitchell (1998)

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Machine Learning
• Learning = Improving with experience over some
task

A computer program is said to learn from experience E


with respect to some task T and performance measure P,
if its performance at task T, as measured by P, improves
with experience E

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Learning Problems – Examples
• Handwriting recognition
learning problem
• Task T: recognizing handwritten
words within images
• Performance measure P:
percent of words correctly
recognized
• Training experience E: a
database of handwritten words
with given classifications

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Machine Learning
• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
• Learning is used in:
• Data mining programs that learn to detect fraudulent credit
card transactions
• Programs that learn to filter spam email
• Programs that learn to play checkers/chess
• Autonomous vehicles that learn to drive on public highways
• Self customizing programs
• And many more…

9
Machine learning

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Features
• Features are the individual measurable properties of the
signal being observed.

• The set of features used for learning/recognition is called


feature vector.

• The number of used features is the dimensionality of the


feature vector.

• n-dimensional feature vectors can be represented as


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points in n-dimensional feature space
Feature Extraction
• Feature extraction aims to create discriminative
features good for learning
• Good Features
• Objects from the same class have similar feature
values.
• Objects from different classes have different values.

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“Good” features “Bad” features


Features

• Use fewer features if possible


• Use features that differentiate classes well

13
Applications
Face recognition

Training examples of a person

Test images

AT&T Laboratories,
14 Cambridge UK
http://www.uk.research.att.com/facedatabase.html
Applications

Autonomous driving
• ALVINN* – Drives 70mph on highways

*Autonomous Land Vehicle In 15


a Neural Network
Applications

Email spam filtering


Types of Machine Learning?
Machine learning can be classified into 3 types of algorithms

1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement Learning
Overview of Supervised Learning Algorithm
• In Supervised learning, an AI system is presented with data which is labeled,
which means that each data tagged with the correct label.

• The goal is to approximate the mapping function so well that when you have new
input data (x) that you can predict the output variables (Y) for that data.
Types of Supervised learning

• Classification: A classification problem is when the output variable is a


category, such as “red” or “blue” or “disease” and “no disease”.
• Regression: A regression problem is when the output variable is a real value,
such as “dollars” or “weight”. It deals with problems such as predicting the
price of a house or the trend in the stock price at a given time, etc

• Some of the most common algorithms in Supervised Learning include Support


Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes and Decision Tree etc.
Classification
• You had some training
example or ‘training data’
What is this???

• The examples were ‘labeled’

• You used those examples to


make the kid ‘learn’ the
difference between an apple
and an orange
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Its an
apple!!!
Overview of Unsupervised Learning
Algorithm
• In Unsupervised Learning, the machine uses unlabeled data and learns on itself
without any supervision. The machine tries to find a pattern in the unlabeled data
and gives a response.

• Let's take an example: we do not tell the machine whether it's a spoon or a knife.
The machine identifies patterns from the given set and groups them based on their
patterns, similarities, etc
Types of Unsupervised learning

• Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the inherent


groupings in the data, such as grouping customers by purchasing behavior.
• Some of the most common algorithms: K-means Clustering, Agglomerative
Clustering, Partitioned clustering, Hierarchical Clustering

• Association: An association rule learning problem is where you want to


discover rules that describe large portions of your data, such as people that
buy X also tend to buy Y.
Overview of Reinforcement Learning

• A reinforcement learning algorithm, or agent, learns by interacting with its


environment. The agent receives rewards by performing correctly and penalties
for performing incorrectly.

• The agent learns without intervention from a human by maximizing its reward and
minimizing its penalty.
Common issues in Machine Learning
• The major issue that comes while using machine learning algorithms is the lack of quality as
well as quantity of data
• inadequate data, noisy data, and inaccurate data extremely exhaust machine learning
algorithms

• Overfitting when a machine learning model is trained with a huge amount of data, it starts
capturing noise and inaccurate data into the training data set. It negatively affects the
performance of the model.

• Underfitting is just the opposite of overfitting. Whenever a machine learning model is


trained with fewer amounts of data, and as a result destroys the accuracy and complexity of
the machine learning model
Common issues in Machine Learning (cont..)
• Lack of skilled resources: need manpower having in-depth knowledge of mathematics,
science, and technologies for developing and managing scientific substances for machine
learning.

• Slow Implementation: The machine learning models are highly efficient in providing
accurate results, but it takes a tremendous amount of time. Slow programs, data overload,
and excessive requirements usually take a lot of time to provide accurate results. Further,
it requires constant monitoring and maintenance to deliver the best output.
THANK YOU!

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