CISC1100: Binary Numbers

Fall 2014, Dr. Zhang

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Numeral System
 A way for expressing numbers, using symbols in a
consistent manner.
 "11" can be interpreted differently:
 in the binary symbol: three
 in the decimal symbol: eleven
 “LXXX” represents 80 in Roman numeral system
 For every number, there is a unique representation (or at
least a standard one) in the numeral system

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Modern numeral system
 Positional base 10 numeral systems
◦ Mostly originated from India (Hindu-Arabic numeral system
or Arabic numerals)
 Positional number system (or place value system)
◦ use same symbol for different orders of magnitude
 For example, “1262” in base 10
◦ the “2” in the rightmost is in “one’s place” representing “2
ones”
◦ The “2” in the third position from right is in “hundred’s place”,
representing “2 hundreds”
◦ “one thousand 2 hundred and sixty two”
◦ 1*103+2*102+6*101+2*100

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Modern numeral system (2)
 In base 10 numeral system
 there is 10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9
 Arithmetic operations for positional
system is simple
 Algorithm for multi-digit addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
 This is a Chinese Abacus (there are
many other types of Abacus in other
civilizations) dated back to 200 BC

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Other Positional Numeral System
 Base: number of digits (symbols) used in the system.
◦ Base 2 (i.e., binary): only use 0 and 1
◦ Base 8 (octal): only use 0,1,…7
◦ Base 16 (hexadecimal): use 0,1,…9, A,B,C,D,E,F
 Like in decimal system,
◦ Rightmost digit: represents its value times the base to the
zeroth power
◦ The next digit to the left: times the base to the first power
◦ The next digit to the left: times the base to the second power
◦ …
◦ For example: binary number 10101
= 1*24+0*23+1*22+0*21+1*20=16+4+1=21

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Why binary number?
 Computer uses binary numeral system, i.e., base 2
positional number system
 Each unit of memory media (hard disk, tape, CD …) has two
states to represent 0 and 1
 Such physical (electronic) device is easier to make, less prone
to error
 E.g., a voltage value between 0-3mv is 0, a value between 3-6 is 1 …

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Binary => Decimal
 Interpret binary numbers (transform to base 10)
 1101
= 1*23+1*22+0*21+1*20=8+4+0+1=13
 Translate the following binary number to decimal number
 101011

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Generally you can consider other bases
 Base 8 (Octal number)
 Use symbols: 0, 1, 2, …7
 Convert octal number 725 to base 10:

=7*82+2*81+5=…
 Now you try:

(1752)8 =
 Base 16 (Hexadecimal)
 Use symbols: 0, 1, 2, …9, A, B, C,D,E, F
 (10A)16 = 1*162+10*160=..

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Binary number arithmetic
 Analogous to decimal number arithmetics
 How would you perform addition?
 0+0=0
 0+1=1
 1+1=10 (a carry-over)
 Multiple digit addition: 11001+101=
 Subtraction:
 Basic rule:
 Borrow one from next left digit

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From Base 10 to Base 2: using table
 Input : a decimal number
 Output: the equivalent number in base 2
 Procedure:
 Write a table as follows

1. Find the largest two’s power that is smaller than the number
1. Decimal number 234 => largest two’s power is 128
2. Fill in 1 in corresponding digit, subtract 128 from the number
=> 106
3. Repeat 1-2, until the number is 0
4. Fill in empty digits with 0
… 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

 Result is 11101010

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From Base 10 to Base 2: the recipe
 Input: a decimal number
 Output: the equivalent number in base 2
 Procedure:
1. Divide the decimal number by 2
2. Make the remainder the next digit to the left of the answer
3. Replace the decimal number with the quotient
4. If quotient is not zero, Repeat 1-4; otherwise, done

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Convert 100 to binary number
100 % 2 = 0 12 % 2 = 0 =>
=> last digit 4th last digit
100 / 2 = 50 12 / 2 = 6
50 % 2 = 0 6%2=0 =>
=> second last digit 5th last digit
50/2 = 25 6/2=3
25 % 2 = 1 3%2=1
=> 3rd last digit => 6th last digit
25 / 2 = 12 3 / 2 =1
1%2=1
=> 7th last digit
The result is 1100100
1/2=0
12 Stop as the decimal #
 Data Representation in Computer
 In modern computers, all information is represented using
binary values.
 Each storage location (cell): has two states
 low-voltage signal => 0
 High-voltage signal => 1
 i.e., it can store a binary digit, i.e., bit
 Eight bits grouped together to form a byte
 Several bytes grouped together to form a word
 Word length of a computer, e.g., 32 bits computer, 64 bits computer

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Different types of data
 Numbers
 Whole number, fractional number, …
 Text
 ASCII code, unicode
 Audio
 Image and graphics
 video

How can they all be represented as binary strings?

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Representing Numbers
 Positive whole numbers
 We already know one way to represent them: i.e., just use base
2 number system
 All integers, i.e., including negative integers
 Set aside a bit for storing the sign
 1 for +, 0 for –
 Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.1415936, 100.34
 Floating point representation:
 sign * mantissa * 2 exp
 64 bits: one for sign, some for mantissa, some for exp.

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Representing Text
 Take English text for example
 Text is a series of characters
 letters, punctuation marks, digits 0, 1, …9, spaces, return
(change a line), space, tab, …
 How many bits do we need to represent a character?
 1 bit can be used to represent 2 different things
 2 bit … 2*2 = 22 different things
 n bit 2n different things
 In order to represent 100 diff. character
 Solve 2n = 100 for n
 n=
log 2 100 , here the x refers to the ceiling of x, i.e., the
smallest integer that is larger than x:
16 log 2 100  6.6438  7
There needs a standard way
 ASCII code: American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
 ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications
equipment, and other devices that use text.
 128 characters:
 33 are non-printing control characters (now mostly obsolete) [7]
that affect how text and space is processed
 94 are printable characters
 space is considered an invisible graphic

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ASCII code

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There needs a standard way
 Unicode
 international/multilingual text character encoding
system, tentatively called Unicode
 Currently: 21 bits code space
 How many diff. characters?
 Encoding forms:
 UTF-8: each Unicode character represented as one to
four 8-but bytes
 UTF-16: one or two 16-bit code units
 UTF-32: a single 32-but code unit

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In Summary

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