OPERATING SYSTEM (21CS43)

ALLOCATION METHOD

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

PROF .CHETHAN.C SUBMITTED BY
VAISHNAVI.V
Allocation Methods on
Operating System

Making the most efficient use of computer memory is a critical part of

operating system design. In this presentation, we will review the
primary memory allocation techniques
Contiguous Memory Allocation

What it is Advantages Disadvantages

Contiguous memory allocation involves This method is simple and provides A process must have enough spaces in the
assigning a contiguous block of computer efficient access to memory such as in a contiguous block to fit within it, which
memory to a process requesting memory. sequential reading of data. can lead to fragmentation.
Non-Contiguous Memory
Allocation
1 What it is 2 Advantages

In this method, a block of This method prevents

physical memory is divided fragmentation of memory and
into non-contiguous sections, allows multiple processes to
with each section allocated to reside in non-contiguous
a process. memory sections.

3 Disadvantages

Accessing non-contiguous memory locations leads to extra overhead

and slower performance.
Fixed Partition Allocation

What it is Advantages Disadvantages

Fixed partition allocation Faster and simpler than dynamic Cannot be used in systems where
reserves static memory partitions partitioning, and because each processes are of varying sizes.
that are assigned to specific partition is designed for a Additionally, some partitions
processes. specific purpose, it can be may be left unallocated, leading
optimized for performance. to wasted memory resources.
Dynamic Partition Allocation

What it is Advantages Disadvantages

In dynamic partition allocation, a new memory This method ensures that resources are used Fragmentation of memory can often occur,
partition is created each time memory is efficiently, and allows processes of varying leading to overhead that can affect
requested by a process. When memory is sizes to share available free memory. performance. Memory compaction techniques
freed, this partition is returned to the free must also be used to minimize the impact of
memory pool. fragmentation.
Paging Technique
1 2 3

What it is Advantages Disadvantages

Paging Technique is a method of Allows for more efficient use of This method may lead to internal
non-contiguous memory memory as well as non- fragmentation, where the last
allocation that uses a fixed-size contiguous memory allocation. It page allocated to a process may
block of memory called a page. provides a uniform memory not fully utilize the space
management architecture for allocated.
physical memory and enables
efficient access for virtual
memory.
Fragmentation and Compaction
1 What it is 2 Advantages 3 Disadvantages

Fragmentation occurs Compaction can extend Compaction is a time-

when memory becomes the life of a system by consuming process and
divided into small making more efficient can lead to a temporary
fragments over time and use of memory reduction in the system's
can make it difficult to resources, increasing performance.
allocate memory to new performance, and Additionally, operating
applications. reducing the risk of system designers must
Compaction is the system failure. consider the
process of reducing compatibility of their
fragmentation by compaction algorithms
combining fragmented with the applications
memory segments into a that will run on the
larger block of memory. system.
Allocation Methods:
An Overview

Allocation methods are a critical aspect of resource management. ,we

will explore several allocation methods and what makes them distinct.
Fixed Allocation Method

Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Fixed allocation occurs when a fixed • Provides stability • Resources may go to waste if unused
percentage of resources is allocated to a
• Reduces risk of overallocation • May lead to underutilization
given task regardless of demand or need.
Variable Allocation Method

Definition Advantages Disadvantages

A variation of fixed allocation • Optimizes resource utilization • Can lead to resource conflicts
where resources are allocated
• Provides flexibility for • May be difficult to
proportionally to demand or
adjusting resource implement for complex
need.
allocation projects
Purely Sequential Allocation Method

1 Definition

Sequential allocation occurs when resources are

Advantages allocated in order of demand, with priority

2
given to the first task in line.
• Ensures resource availability for critical tasks

• Easy to implement and understand

3 Disadvantages

• May lead to delays for less critical tasks

• Can cause resource bottlenecks

Weighted Allocation Method

Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Weighted allocation is a variation • Optimizes resource • May cause resource

of variable allocation where tasks utilization for critical conflicts and delays for
with higher priority or tasks lower priority tasks
complexity are given more • Provides flexibility for • Requires careful planning
resources than lower priority adjusting resource and monitoring
tasks. allocation
Proportional Allocation Method

Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Proportional allocation occurs when • Maximizes resource utilization for • May lead to under allocation for
resource allocation is based on the the entire project critical tasks
proportion of the project each task
• Less prone to resource conflicts • May result in delayed delivery
represents.
times for the overall project
Opportunistic Allocation Method
Advantages

• Maximizes resource utilization

• Adapts easily to changing circumstances

1 2 3

Definition Disadvantages

Opportunistic allocation involves allocating resources • Requires real-time monitoring and decision-making
opportunistically as they become available. This method is
• May lead to conflicts or delays if allocations are not
often used in dynamic or unpredictable environments.
properly managed
Random Allocation Method

Definition Advantages Disadvantages

Random allocation involves allocating • Can be a fun or creative way to • May lead to under or over
resources randomly to tasks without any approach resource allocation allocation for critical tasks
particular order or bias.
• May lead to unexpected solutions • Not suitable for most projects
or outcomes
Conclusion

What we learned Best practices Future trends

Memory allocation methods are a critical part of To get the best results, it's important to use a Advances in memory chip technology can have a
operating system design. By applying these allocation combination of methods to maximize the efficiency of significant impact on how memory is allocated within
methods, we can ensure that our systems are efficient your system. Operating system designers must an operating system. As new advancements become
and have the tools they need to succeed. consider multiple factors across different computer available, operating system designers must
architectures to make the most effective memory continually re-evaluate their approaches and
management decisions. upgrading their systems accordingly.