Institutional Corrections
MODULE 3
Institutional Corrections
Refers to individuals housed, detained and imprisoned in correctional
facilities as well as the agencies of the government involved in this
pillar of the Criminal Justice System.
Definition of Corrections
• Branch of the Criminal Justice System in charge with the responsibility
of custody, supervision and rehabilitation of the convicted offender.
• Operates as the society’s primary formal dispenser of punishment.
• It encompasses the broad category of activities ranging from
incarceration of offenders to preparing them for their eventual re-
integration to society.
Concept of Correction
• Corrections takes over after a criminal is convicted/found guilty. He
can apply for Probation or be turned over to a non institutional or
institutional agency to serve his sentence.
• The offender could also avail the benefits of parole and excitive
clemency after he has served the minimum period of his sentence.
• When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is served in either
the municipal, provincial or national penitentiary depending on the
length of sentence imposed.
Three agencies involved in Corrections Pillar
1. The Department of Justice
2. The Department of Interior and Local Government
3. Department of Social Welfare and Development
Types of Jail or Prison
1. Lockup – houses detainees for 48 hours at the most or those
awaiting investigation.
2. Municipal – PDL serving sentence of 1 day to 6 months.
3. City – PDL serving sentence of 1 day to 3 years.
4. Provincial – serving sentence of 6 months to 3 years.
5. Insular/National – prisoners serving more than sentences of 3years
Types of jail according to population
1. Type A jail – 100 or more PDL
2. Type B Jail – 21 to 99 PDL
3. Type C Jail – 20 or less PDL
Board Question
1. The act of getting out unlawfully from confinement or custody by
inmate/prisoner.
a. Release of prisoner
b. Emancipation
c. Detention
d. Escape
Answer
1. The act of getting out unlawfully from confinement or custody by
inmate/prisoner.
a. Release of prisoner
b. Emancipation
c. Detention
d. Escape
Three (3) kinds of escape as defined under
the RPC
1. Evasion of service of sentence ( Art. 157)
2. Evasion of service of sentence on the occasion of disorder,
conflagrations, earthquakes, or other calamities. (Art. 158)
3. Violation of conditional pardon (Art. 159)
Its relationship with other pillars of the CJS
Corrections and the police = Segregation and isolation of prisoners to
protect society are achieved thru joint undertakings. Background
investigation for case referrals for probation and parole applications.
Corrections and the prosecution = pertinent data and information
concerning criminal records and case history is provided by the
prosecution to corrections officials.
Its relationship with other pillars of the CJS
Corrections and the court = a convicted person cannot be confined
without the necessary court orders. (Mittimus/ commitment order)
Corrections and the community = lacking the acceptance of the
community towards the former convict will likely result to isolation
and alienation of the offender which in turn might force the himto
commit another crime.
Purposes of Modern Correction
1. Retribution
2. Deterrence
3. Isolation
4. Reformation
5. Rehabilitation
6. Reformation
7. Reintegration
Retribution
• Under the Philippine penal law, the basis of criminal liability is freewill
and the purpose of punishment is retribution.
• Imprisonment is expected to make life unpleasant for the people who,
by their crimes, made other lives unpleasant.
• Punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or
criminal act.
Deterrence
• Prison is expected to reform convicts and effectively discourages
others from becoming criminals, thereby effectively reducing crime
rates as a result.
Isolation
• Segregates criminals from society aimed at preventing the occurrence
of crime and protecting the public from harm that criminals may
inflict.
Reformation
• Involves the use of punitive and disciplinary and measures to modify
or reform criminal behaviour especially when deportment is not
totally responding to prison or jail programs.
Which model underscores the assumption that criminal behaviour is caused
by biological or psychological conditions thus, requiring treatment?
a. Community Model
b. Rehabilitation Model
c. Reform Model
d. Medical Model
Which model underscores the assumption that criminal behaviour is caused
by biological or psychological conditions thus, requiring treatment?
a. Community Model
b. Rehabilitation Model
c. Reform Model
d. Medical Model
Authorized disciplinary measures for inmates
a. Admonition or verbal reprimand;
b. Restitution or reparation;
c. Additional job functions/community service within the jail premises;
d. Temporary or permanent cancellation of some or all recreational
privileges;
e. Reduction of visiting time;
Authorized disciplinary measures for inmates
f. Close confinement in a cell for a period not exceeding seven (7) days
in any calendar month, provided that this disciplinary action shall be
imposed only in the case of an incorrigible inmate, and when other
disciplinary measures had been proven ineffective;
g. Transfer to another BJMP jail in the area in coordination with the
Court;
h. Suspension of visiting privileges for a period not exceeding one (1)
month, provided that this sanction shall not apply to the lawyer,
physician or religious minister serving the needs of the prisoner.
Authorized disciplinary measures for inmates
h. Permanent cancellation of visiting privileges with respect to persons
not included in the definition of immediate family under RA 7438,
provided that this sanction shall not apply to the lawyer, physician or
religious minister serving the needs of the prisoner.
i. In addition to the above-mentioned punishment, the disciplinary
board may recommend to the warden partial or full forfeiture of good
conduct time allowance (GCTA) to be earned for a particular month and
subsequent months depending upon the gravity of the offense.
Rehabilitation
• Is based on the premise that through correctional interventional
( educational and vocational training and psychotherapeutic program)
an offender may be changed.
Reintegration
• The effort of correction to change criminal behaviour should result in
a situation and ability on the part of the penitent offender to return
to society in some productive and meaningful capacity in free
community.
PENOLOGY VS PENAL MANAGEMENT
VS CORRECTION
• What is the difference between penology, penal management and
correction? Are they the same?
PENOLOGY
• The study of punishment for crime or of criminals.
• The study and control/prevention of crime through punishment of
offenders.
• Derived from the Latin word “POENA”, meaning pain or suffering.
PENAL MANAGEMENT
• Refers to manner of practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as in jails or prisons.
CORRECTION
• Weakest pillar of the CJS because of its failure to deter individuals
from committing crimes as well as the reformation of inmates.
