Python

Introduction
2
Tuesday, 6 December 2022
“An investment in knowledge pays
the best interest“

- BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
 Today’s Agenda
• Version History

• Python 2 v/s Python 3

• Introduction To Predefined Functions And Modules

• How print() function works ?

• How To Remove Newline From print( ) ?

• Types Of Errors In Python

• Rules For Identifiers

• Python Reserved Words

 Python Version History
• First released on Feb-20th -1991 ( version • Python 3.8 launched on Oct – 2019
0.9.0)
• Python 3.9 launched on Oct – 2020
• Python 1.0 launched in Jan-1994
• Python 3.10 launched on Oct – 2021
• Python 2.0 launched in Oct-2000
• Python 3.11 launched on Oct – 2022
[Latest version]
• Python 3.0 launched in Dec-2008

• Python 2.7 launched in July 2010

• Python 3.6.5 launched on March-2018

• Python 3.7 launched on June-2018

 The Two Versions Of Python
• As you can observe from the previous slide , there are 2
major versions of Python , called Python 2 and Python 3

• Python 3 came in 2008 and it is not backward compatible with

Python 2

• This means that a project which uses Python 2 will not run
on Python 3.

• This means that we have to rewrite the entire project to

migrate it from Python 2 to Python 3
 Some Important Differences
• In Python 2
print “Hello iNeuron”

• In Python 3
print(“Hello iNeuron”)

• In Python 2
5/2 2
5/2.02.5

• In Python 3
5/2 2.5

• The way of accepting input has also changed and like this
there are many changes
The Two Versions Of Python
• So to prevent this overhead of programmers , PSF decided to
support Python 2 also.

• But this support will only be till Jan-1-2020

• You can visit https://pythonclock.org/ to see exactly how

much time is left before Python 2 retires
Which Version Should I
Use ?

• For beginners , it is a point of

confusion as to which Python
version they should learn ?
• The obvious answer is Python 3
 Why Python 3 ?
• We should go with Python 3 as it brings lot of new features
and new tricks compared to Python 2

• Moreover as per PSF, Python 2.x is legacy, Python 3.x is the

present and future of the language

• All major future upgrades will be to Python 3 and , Python

2.7 will never move ahead to even Python 2.8
 Types Of Predefined Function
Provided By Python
• Python has a very rich set of predefined functions and they are
broadly categorized to be of 2 types

• Built In Functions

• Functions Defined In Modules

 Built In Functions
• Built in functions are those functions which are always
available for use .

• For example , print() is a built-in function which prints

the given object to the standard output device (screen)

• As of version 3.6 , Python has 68 built-in function and

their list can be obtained on the following URL :
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
 What Is print( ) And How It
Is Made Available To Our Program ?
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(x)
 How To Remove
newline From print() ?
print("Hello User")

print("Python Rocks")

If we closely observe , we will see that the 2 messages are

getting displayed on separate lines , even though we have not
used any newline character.

This is because the function print() automatically appends a

newline character after the message it is printing.
 How To Remove
newline From print() ?
If we do not want this then we can use the print()
function as shown below:
print(“Hello User”, end=“”)
print(“Python Rocks”)
 How To Remove
newline From print() ?
The word end is called keyword argument in Python and it’s default value is
“\n”.

But we have changed it to empty string(“”) to tell Python not to produce any
newline.

Similarly we can set it to “\t” to generate tab or “\b” to erase the previous
character
 Some Examples
1.

print("Hello User",end="\t")

print("Python Rocks")

2.

print("Hello User",end="\b")

print("Python Rocks")
 Types Of Errors In Python
• Just like any other programming language , Python also has 2 kinds of
errors:

• Syntax Error

• Runtime Error
 Syntax Error
• Syntaxes are RULES OF A LANGUAGE and when we break
these rules , the error which occurs is called
Syntax Error.

• Examples of Syntax Errors are:

• Misspalled keywords.
• Incorrect use of an operator.
• Omitting parentheses in a function call.
 Runtime Errors (Exceptions)
• As the name says, Runtime Errors are errors which occur while the program is
running.

• As soon as Python interpreter encounters them it halts the execution of the program
and displays a message about the probable cause of the problem.
 Runtime Errors (Exceptions)
• They usually occurs when interpreter counters a operation that is impossible to carry out
and one such operation is dividing a number by 0.

• Since dividing a number by 0 is undefined , so ,when the interpreter encounters

this operation it raises ZeroDivisionError as follows:
 Functions Defined
In Modules
A Module in Python is collection of functions and statements which provide some extra
functionality as compared to built in functions.

We can assume it just like a header file of C/C++ language.

Python has 100s of built in Modules like math , sys , platform etc which prove to be very
useful for a programmer
 Functions Defined
In Modules
For example , the module math contains a function called factorial( ) which can calculate and return the
factorial of any number.

But to use a module we must first import it in our code using the syntax :
◦ import <name of the module>

For example: import math

Then we can call any function of this module by prefixing it with the module name

For example: math.factorial(5)

 Rules For Identifiers
• What is an identifier ?
• Identifier is the name given to entities like class, functions, variables , modules and any other object in Python.

• Rules for identifiers:

• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_)

• No special character except underscore is allowed in the name of a variable

 Rules For Reserved Words
• What is a Reserved Word?

o A word in a programming language which has a fixed meaning and cannot be redefined by the programmer or used as
identifiers

• How many reserved words are there in Python ?

o Python contains 33 reserved words or keywords

o The list is mentioned on the next slide

o We can get this list by using help() in Python Shell

 Rules For Reserved Words
These 33 keywords are: Some Important Observations:

False , True , None ,def, Except False , True and None all the other keywords are
1.
del ,import ,return , and , or ,
in lowercase
not ,if, else , elif , for , while ,
2.
break , continue, is , as , in ,
We don’t have else if in Python , rather it is elif
global , nonlocal ,yield ,
try ,except , finally, raise,
3. There are no switch and do-while statements in Python
lambda ,with ,assert ,class ,
from , pass
 Rules For Identifiers
It must compulsorily begin with a underscore ( _ ) or a letter and not with a digit . Although after the
first letter we can have as many digits as we want. So 1a is invalid , while a1 or _a or _1 is a valid
name for an identifier.
 Rules For Identifiers
Identifiers are case sensitive , so pi and Pi are two different identifiers.
 Rules For Identifiers
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers

• Identifier can be of any length.

Thank you