MGAC70

CLASS 9 - CHAPTER 6 & 8

TELECOMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING
WIRELESS, MOBILE COMPUTING,
MOBILE COMMERCE,
INTERNET OF THINGS
DOUG KONG
 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

• A network is a group of two or more

devices/computers connected together to
allow for the exchange of information and
for the sharing of resources.
• many computer networks are linked together
and supported by the Internet
• The Internet allows for the communication and
exchange of many types of data and informati
• Computer networks support many
different software applications and
services including allowing access to the
World Wide Web, digital video and audio,
storage, application servers, and email.
 COMPUTER NETWORKS

A network is a group of two or more devices/computers connected together to allow for

the exchange of information and for the sharing of resources such as printers.
Network Size Benefits of Networks
• Networks range in size from • Networks provide many benefits
small home networks to the including allowing users to share
Internet which is the world’s resources and the ability to
largest network. access other networks and the
Internet
 COMPUTER NETWORKS

The four basic types of networks include:

• Personal Area Network (PAN) typically involve laptops, tablets, and
smartphones.
• Local Area Network (LAN) connect a variety of devices at a single site such as
an office or retail store.
• Wide Area Network connect a variety of devices between two or more
geographic locations.
• Internets connect LANs, WANs, and other internets together, think of an internet
as a network of networks and is the world’s largest network.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN) AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS
(WAN)
There are specific elements that make up LANs and WANs

Local Area Network (LAN)

• used to connect devices within a limited geographic range, usually no more than a half mile, and all
devices are housed at a location controlled by the organization responsible for the LAN
• typically comprised of equipment owned by an organization
• devices in a LAN can be connected via a variety of wired and wireless means including Ethernet
cables, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi
• the Institute for electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) creates and published protocols (rules
and guidelines) and other standards that support LANs. The group of standards created for
LANs are called IEEE 802
 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN) AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS
(WAN)
There are specific elements that make up LANs and WANs
Wide Area Network (WAN)
• connects a variety of devices between two or more geographic locations
• facilitate communications and the sharing of information between devices across cities, countries
and the globe
• used by large organizations to facilitate data and information exchange across multiple locations
• WANs typically rely on leased line data circuits provided by Teleco carriers
• provided by WAN vendors such as Cisco Systems and VMware
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN) AND WIDE AREA NETWORKS
(WAN)
WIRELESS NETWORKS
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

LP WANS:
• providing long-range communication on small, inexpensive batteries that last for
years
• support large-scale IoT networks sprawling over vast industrial and commercial
campuses.
• LPWANs can literally connect all types of IoT sensors – facilitating numerous
applications from asset tracking, environmental monitoring and facility
management to occupancy detection and consumables monitoring.
• LPWANs can only send small blocks of data at a low rate. Better suited for use cases
that don’t require high bandwidth and are not time-sensitive.
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
• Cellular networks offer reliable broadband communication supporting various voice calls and
video streaming applications.
• On the downside, they impose very high operational costs and power requirements.
• They fit well in specific use cases such as connected cars or fleet management in transportation
and logistics. For example, in-car infotainment, traffic routing, advanced driver assistance systems
(ADAS) alongside fleet telematics and tracking services can all rely on the ubiquitous and high
bandwidth cellular connectivity.
• Cellular next-gen 5G with high-speed mobility support and ultra-low latency is positioned to be
the future of autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.
• 5G is also expected to enable real-time video surveillance for public safety, real-time mobile
delivery of medical data sets for connected health, and several time-sensitive industrial
automation applications in the future.
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Zigbee and other Mesh Protocols

• Zigbee is a short-range, low-power, wireless standard commonly deployed in mesh topology to
extend coverage by relaying sensor data over multiple sensor nodes.
• Compared to LPWAN, Zigbee provides higher data rates, but at the same time, much less
power-efficiency due to mesh configuration.
• Because of their physical short-range (< 100m), Zigbee and similar mesh protocols (e.g. Z-
Wave, Thread etc.) are best-suited for medium-range IoT applications with an even distribution
of nodes in close proximity.
• Zigbee is a perfect complement to Wi-Fi for various home automation use cases like smart
lighting, HVAC controls, security and energy management, etc. – leveraging home sensor
networks.
• Not ideal for many industrial facilities that are geographically dispersed, and their theoretical
scalability is often inhibited by increasingly complex network setup and management.
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Bluetooth and BLE

• Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology well-positioned in the consumer marketplace.
• Bluetooth Classic was originally intended for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint (up to seven slave
nodes) data exchange among consumer devices.
• Optimized for power consumption, Bluetooth Low-Energy was later introduced to address small-
scale Consumer IoT applications.
• BLE-enabled devices are mostly used in conjunction with electronic devices, typically smartphones
that serve as a hub for transferring data to the cloud. Nowadays, BLE is widely integrated into fitness
and medical wearables (e.g. smartwatches, glucose meters, pulse oximeters, etc.) as well as Smart
Home devices (e.g. door locks) – whereby data is conveniently communicated to and visualized on
smartphones.
• The release of Bluetooth Mesh specification in 2017 aims to enable a more scalable deployment of
BLE devices, particularly in retail contexts. Providing versatile indoor localization features, BLE
beacon networks have been used to unlock new service innovations like in-store navigation,
personalized promotions, and content delivery.
BLUE TOOTH – BLE BEACONS
HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/3YBGHWNZ_DA
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Wi-Fi
• Providing high-throughput data transfer for both enterprise and home environments.
• In the IoT space, its major limitations in coverage, scalability and power consumption make the technology
much less prevalent.
• Not a feasible solution for large networks of battery-operated IoT sensors, especially in industrial IoT and
smart building scenarios.
• more pertains to connecting devices that can be conveniently connected to a power outlet like smart home
gadgets and appliances, digital signages or security cameras.
• Wi-Fi 6 – the newest Wi-Fi generation – brings in greatly enhanced network bandwidth (i.e. <9.6 Gbps) to
improve data throughput per user in congested environments.
• This will level up public Wi-Fi infrastructure and transform customer experience with new digital mobile
services in retail and mass entertainment sectors.
• In-car networks for infotainment and on-board diagnostics are expected to be the most game-
changing use case for Wi-Fi 6.
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Near-field communication (NFC)

• Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of short-range wireless technologies,
typically requiring a distance of 4cm or less to initiate a connection. NFC allows you to
share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and an Android-powered device, or
between two Android-powered devices
• NFC is a subset of RFID (radio-frequency identification), a technology that allows us to
identify things through radio waves.
• NFC lets smartphones and other enabled devices communicate with other devices
containing a NFC tag. Whether swiping your smartphone at the checkout lane in the
grocery store, waving it over a display at a local museum, or bumping phones with a
friend to share the latest games, near field technology lets you pay, play, and learn
easily
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Wireless
Both conventional and self-driving cars will need to communicate with each other, as well
as with road infrastructure. This will be enabled by V2X wireless systems. In addition to
exchanging information and status data, V2X can provide a multitude of other services, such
as safety capabilities, navigation support and infotainment.

Wireless Sensing
• The absorption and reflection of wireless signals can be used for sensing purposes.
Wireless sensing technology can be used, for example, as an indoor radar system for
robots and drones. Virtual assistants can also use radar tracking to improve their
performance when multiple people are speaking in the same room.
• Sensor data is the fuel of the IoT. Systems including wireless sensing will be integrated in
a multitude of use cases, ranging from medical diagnostics to object recognition and
smart home interaction.”
 WIRELESS NETWORKS

• Wireless network benefits

• Reduce costs
• Improve customer service
• Offers real-time diagnostics
• Enhances mobility
• Supports real-time data
• Promotes remote work
• Improved security
 BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

Areas experiencing tremendous growth using wireless technologies include

 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

• Uses electronic tags and labels to identify objects wirelessly over short distances. The
technology has facilitated a major revolution in retail and logistics.
• By attaching an RFID tag to all sorts of products and equipment, businesses can track
their inventory and assets in real-time – allowing for better stock and production planning
as well as optimized supply chain management. Alongside increasing IoT adoption,
RFID continues to be entrenched in the retail sector, enabling new IoT applications like
smart shelves, self-checkout, and smart mirrors.
 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

• RFID tag - contains a microchip and an antenna, and typically work by transmitting a
serial number via radio waves to an electronic reader, which confirms the identity of a
person or object bearing the tag
• RFID reader (RFID interrogator) - A transmitter/receiver that reads the contents of
RFID tags in the area
• Passive RFID tag - Does not have a power source
• Active RFID tag - Contains a transmitter and a power source (typically a battery)
• The power source runs the microchip’s circuitry and broadcasts a signal to the reader
(similar to the way a cell phone transmits signals to a base station).
• Passive RFID tags draw power from the RFID reader, which sends out electromagnetic
waves that induce a current in the tag’s antenna.
 RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

• Semipassive RFID tag - Uses a battery to run the microchip’s circuitry, but communicate by drawing power from
the RFID reader
• Asset tracking - Occurs when a company places active or semi-passive RFID tags on expensive products or assets to
gather data on the items’ location with little or no manual intervention
• Asset tracking allows a company to focus on its supply chain, reduce theft, identify the last known user of assets, and automate
maintenance routines.
• Active and semi-passive tags are useful for tracking high value goods that need to be scanned over long ranges, such as railway
cars on a track.
• The cost of active and semi-passive RFID tags is significant hence low-cost items typically use passive RFID tags.

• RFID accelerometer - A device that measures the acceleration (the rate of change of velocity) of an item and is used
to track truck speeds or taxi cab speeds
• Chipless RFID tag - Uses plastic or conductive polymers instead of silicon-based microchips, allowing them to be
washed or exposed to water without damaging the chip
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 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• Global positioning system (GPS) - A satellite-based navigation system providing extremely accurate
position, time, and speed information
• Automatic vehicle location (AVL) – Uses GPS tracking to track vehicles
• Latitude - Represents a north/south measurement of position
• Longitude - Represents an east/west measurement of position
Application Examples:
• Automobiles have GPSs linked to maps that display in a screen on the dashboard driving directions and
exact location of the vehicle.
• GM offers the OnStar system, which sends a continuous stream of information to the OnStar center
about the car’s exact location.
• The OnStar Vehicle Diagnostics automatically performs hundreds of diagnostic checks on four key
operating systems — the engine/transmission, antilock brakes, air bags, and OnStar systems — in GM
vehicles.
• The vehicle is programmed to send the results via email to the owner each month.
• The unique email report also provides maintenance reminders based on the current odometer reading,
remaining engine oil life, and other relevant ownership information.
 G P S A P P L I C AT I O N S
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 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

• A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying
data related to positions on Earth’s surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map, such as
streets, buildings, and vegetation. This enables people to more easily see, analyze, and understand patterns and
relationships.
GIS APPLICATIONS IN MODERN WORLD-
GIS IN RECENT PANDEMIC 2020
 LOCATION-BASED SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS

• Location-based services (LBS) are widely used

in m-commerce and are built on the real-time
geodata and information provided from wireless
mobile devices including smartphones and
tablets.

• Geodata is information about geographic

locations that is stored in a geographic
information system (GIS).

• Geodata is based on many different types of

geographic data with two of the most important
types being vector and raster files.
 LOCATION-BASED SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS

• LBS includes geosocial applications, geoadvertsing, and geoinformation.

• Geosocial applications include social networking sites that use GPS and
GIS to connect people by providing specific geographic information
• Geoadvertising (also known as geo-targeting) is a type of advertising
where advertisements are delivered based on a user’s geographic location.
• location can be determined by IP address, device ID, or through GPS
signals
• Geoinformation is based on GPS and provides users with information on
place, such as information about a historic site you are close to or the price
of homes in the area.
 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

• The Internet of Things (IoT) in the

broadest sense refers to everything
connected to the Internet.
• IoT is increasingly being used to define
objects connected to the Internet that talk
to each other including sensors, wearable
technology, and smartphones.
• it is estimated there will soon be over 30
billion IoT devices across the globe and that
over $3 trillion dollars were spent last year on
endpoints and services
INTER NET OF THINGS
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HOW WILL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTERNET OF
THINGS CHANGE THE WORLD?
HOME APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS - IOT DEVICES &
SECURITY SYSTEMS
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T O P U S E S O F I N T E R N E T O F T H I N G S ( I O T ) I N H E A LT H C A R E | I O M T E X A M P L E S
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 IOT IN AGRICULTURE
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