Computer

Organization and
Architecture

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1.1. Introduction of Computer system &
organization
• A computer system
– There are three major components of a computer system:
• Hardware
• Software
• Humanware

Hardware Computer system diagram

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.2. Architecture and Organization

1. Computer Organization
What is computer organization?
 Computer organization is concerned with:
1. The way the hardware compo­nents
operate and
2. The way they are connected together
to form the computer system.
 The various components are assumed to
be in place and the task is to investigate
the organizational structure to verify that
the computer parts operate as intended.
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Internal Bus Organization

Von Neumann
Machine

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 PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Slot: - can be used for
components such as Ethernet cards, sound cards, and modems.
 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) :-served as an interface
between add-on cards and motherboards. ISA endured as the
most supported and utilized I/O standard.
 SCSI (Small Computer System Interface): It's a fast bus that can
connect lots of devices to a computer at the same time,
including hard drives, scanners, CD-ROM/RW drives, printers
and tape drives.
 Northbridge - This allows communication between the CPU
and the system memory and PCI-slots.
 Southbridge - This is the controller for components such as the
PCI slots, onboard audio, and USB connections.
Multiple Bus Organization( PCI,ISA,MEMORY, and SCSI

Von Neumann
Machine

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Multi-Processor Organization

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2. Compute Design
• Compute design is concerned with the
hardware design of the computer. Once
the computer specifications are
formulated, it is the task of the designer to
develop hardware for the system.
• Computer design is concerned with the
determination of what hardware should be
used and how the parts should be
connected. This aspect of computer
hardware is sometimes referred to as
computer implementation.
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3 . Computer Architecture

• Computer architecture is concerned with

the structure and behavior of the computer
as seen by the user. It includes the
information formats, the instruction set,
and techniques for addressing memory.
• The architectural design of a computer
system is concerned with the specifications
of the various functional modules, such as
processors and memories, and structuring
them together into a computer system.

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Computer Level Hierarchy

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System Architecture layer

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 Computer Architecture
• Computer Architecture is the design of the computer at the
hardware/software interface.
• Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

Computer Architecture

Instruction Set Design Machine Organization

→Computer Interface → Hardware Components
→Compiler/System View → Logic Designer’s View
→­“Building Architect” ­→“Construction Engineer” 13
 I. Instruction Set Architecture
 Instruction set architecture is the attributes of a
computing system as seen by the assembly
language programmer or compiler. It deals with
– The Instruction Set (what operations can be performed?)
– The Instruction Format (how are instructions specified?)
– Data storage (where is data located?)
– Addressing Modes (how is data accessed?)
– Exceptional Conditions (what happens if something goes
wrong?)

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 II - Machine Organization
• Machine organization is the view of the
computer that is seen by the logic designer. It
deals with
 Capabilities & performance characteristics of functional
units (e.g., registers, ALU, shifters, etc.).
 Ways in which these components are interconnected
 How information flows between components
 Logic and means by which such information flow is
controlled
 Coordination of functional units to realize the ISA
• Typically the machine organization is designed
to meet a given instruction set architecture.
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What is Computer Architecture?
Better (More Detailed)

Application
Operating
System
Compiler Firmware
Instruction Set
Architecture
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Data path & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design
Layout

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 Forces on Computer Architecture

Technology Programming
Languages

Applications
Computer
Architectur
e

Operating
Systems
History

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 Self-Assessment
• Compare& contrast computer
architecture & organization
• Which memory acts as a buffer
between CPU and main memory?
– RAM
– ROM
– Cache
– Storage
• Identify the internal parts of
Motherboard?
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1.3. Structure and Function
Structure
• Computer architecture, structure of a digital
computer, encompassing the design and
layout of its instruction set and storage
registers. Its principal components or
subsystems, each of which could be said to
have an architecture of its own, are
input/output, storage, communication,
control, and processing.
Functions of Computer
• There are four main functions of a computer
system: Input, Processing, Storage, Output
and Controlling 19
Function of computer

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1.4. Interconnection Structures
Types of interconnections
 Memory to Processor:- the processor read an instruction or unit of data from
memeory
 Processor to memory:- the processor writes unit of data to memory
 I/O to Processor:- the data reads from I/O device through I/O module
 Processor to I/O:- the processor sends data to I/O device.

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 System Bus
• Common System Bus Interconnection
Type of Bus Description
Data Bus  Carries data
Remember that there is no difference between “data” and “instruction” at this level
Width is a key determinant of performance
 8, 16, 32, 64 bit

Address Bus  Identify the source or destination of data

 CPU needs to read an instruction (data) from a given location in memory
 Bus width determines maximum memory capacity of system
 8080 has 16 bit address bus giving 64k address space

Control Bus  Control and timing information

Memory read and Memory write
I/O read and I/O write
Transfer ACK
Bus request
Bus grant
Interrupt request
Interrupt ACK
Clock
Reset

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The block diagram of computer)
Computer Memory Measurement Units
The following table explains the main memory
storage units: −
No
Unit Description
 Bit (Binary Digit) =1bit. .

 Nibble=A group of 4 bits is called nibble. 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 B

2 Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB

 Byte=A group of 8 bits is called byte.
3 Gigabyte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
 Word= A computer word, like a byte, is a
4 Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB
group of fixed number of bits processed as a
5 Petabyte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB
unit, which varies from computer to com- 6 Exabyte (EB) 1 EB = 1024 PB

puter but is fixed for each computer. 7 Zettabyte (ZB) 1 ZB = 1024 EB

 Example -8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, etc. 8 Yottabyte (YB) 1 YB = 1024 ZB

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 Microprocessors
• Microprocessors can be characterized based on :
– the word size(data handling capacity )
 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, etc. processors
– Instruction set structure
 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer), CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computer)
– Functions
 General purpose, special purpose such image processing, floating point
calculations
– memory organization
 Von-Neumann architecture
 Harvard architecture
 Example
• 16 bit instructions set ?
– Opcode = 4 bits
– Address =12 bits = total combinations =4096 address
• Address have source and destination data
Op-code
0000
0001
.
.
1111
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Example: 8 bits data & 4 bit address

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 Self-Assessment
• A gigabyte is equal to
– 1024 bytes
– 1024 megabytes
– Million megabytes
– Thousand kilobytes

• How determine connection b/n CUP and Memory

• Let assume , your system memory named by 16x4
RAM indicate that each memory location is of :
– 8 bits
– 4 bits
– 16 bits
– 2 bits
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