Computer programming is the process of designing

and developing various computer programs to complete

specific tasks in either application or software or within
the computers. The process constitutes many tasks, like
analyzing the problem, generating an algorithm to solve
it, and then examining the output generated. Computer
programming is creating a series of programs to resolve
a problem in a computer.

The programming also has another name called "coding"

and the person who writes the code is referred as the
Why Is Computer
Programming
Important?
Computer programming is the
lifeblood of modern life.
Imagine for a moment
what would happen if all
computers suddenly
disappeared tomorrow. No
internet. No data. No
connection. No
convenience.
•Over the past few decades, computer
programming has played an important
role in the development of the modern
computer and the information age that
we live in today.

•It has allowed us to create new

computer software and systems that
make many aspects of our lives easier.

•Computer Programming allows us to

create new internet-based applications
and services that make it possible for us
Programming
Methodology
A programming methodology is
concerned with:
The analysis of a problem by
developing algorithms based on
modern programming techniques,

Designingprograms in appropriate
languages and

Implementation on a suitable platform

 Programming Language
• As we know, to communicate with a person, we
need a specific language, similarly to
communicate with computers, programmers also
need a language is called Programming
language.

• A programming language is a computer

language that is used by programmers
(developers) to communicate with
computers. It is a set of instructions written in
any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to
perform a specific task.
A programming language is mainly used
Types of Programming
Language
Low-level language
The low-level language is a programming
language that provides no abstraction from
the hardware, and it is represented in 0 or 1
forms, which are the machine instructions. It
is very close to writing actual machine
instructions, and it deals with a computer's
hardware components and constraints.

Low-level languages come in two different

categories:

Machine Language: A language that the

hardware directly interprets.
Assembly Language: A language that is
Machine-level language
The machine-level language is a language
that consists of a set of instructions that
are in the binary form 0 or 1. As we know
that computers can understand only
machine instructions, which are in binary
digits, i.e., 0 and 1, so the instructions
given to the computer can be only in
binary codes.
Advantages of Machine
Language
•The machine language, does not need
to be translated since it is already
written in binary, or 0s and 1s, which
the computer system can read and
understand. The initial generation of
computers makes tremendous use of
this language.

•The CPU directly executes the

machine language or low-level
instructions.
Disadvantages of Machine
Language
•Difficult to use -The main drawback of
machine language is how difficult it is to
develop, learn, and execute codes and
algorithms.

•Time-consuming - It is pretty time-

consuming to fix flaws and mistakes in codes
and programs.

•Machine dependent- The programmer

has to remember the machine code while
preparing a program. Only some people can
memorize or even write the code.

•Difficult to debug- Checking the

machine Instructions to locate the error and
Assembly Language
An assembly language is a type of low-
level programming language that is
intended to communicate directly with a
computer’s hardware. Unlike machine
language, which consists of binary and
hexadecimal characters, assembly
languages are designed to be readable by
humans. programming languages such as
Low-level
assembly language are a necessary bridge
between the underlying hardware of a
computer and the higher-level programming
languages—such as Python or JavaScript—in
which modern software programs are
written.
 High Level Language
A high-level language is a
programming language such as C,
FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a
programmer to write programs that
are more or less independent of a
particular type of computer.
Such languages are considered
high-level because they are closer
to human languages.
Advantages of a high-level language

•The high-level language is easy to read,

write, and maintain as it is written in English
like words.

•The high-level languages are designed to

overcome the limitation of low-level
language, i.e., portability. The high-level
language is portable; i.e., these languages
are machine-independent.
 Computer Program
A program is a set of instructions following
the rules of the chosen language.
Without programs, computers are useless.
A program is like a recipe. It contains a list
of ingredients (called variables) and a list of
directions (called statements) that tell the
computer what to do with the variables.
Program is in human readable form need
to convert into machine language so
computer can understand the instruction.

Theconversion can be done using two

ways:
◦Compile the program (Compiler)

◦Interpret the program(Interpreter)

We generally write a computer program using a
high-level language. A high-level language is
one that is understandable by us, humans. This
is called source code.

However, a computer does not understand

high-level language. It only understands the
program written in 0's and 1's in binary, called
the machine code.

To convert source code into machine code, we

use either a compiler or an interpreter.

Both compilers and interpreters are used to

convert a program written in a high-level
What is a compiler?
A compiler is a special program that
translates a programming language's
source code into machine code, bytecode
or another programming language. The
source code is typically written in a high-
level, human-readable language such as
Java or C++. A programmer writes the
source code in a code editor or an
integrated development environment (IDE)
that includes an editor, saving the source
code to one or more text files. A compiler
that supports the source programming
language reads the files, analyzes the
code, and translates it into a format
 Interpreter Vs Compiler
Interpreter Compiler
Scans the entire program
•Translates and execute the
and translates it as a whole
program line by line
into machine code.

•Interpreters usually take

less amount of time to
Compilers usually take a
analyze the source code.
large amount of time to
However, the overall
analyze the source code.
execution time is
However, the overall
comparatively slower than
execution time is
compilers.
comparatively faster than
•Good for fast debugging
interpreters. Slow in
•Execution time is more
debugging. Execution time is
less.

Generates Object Code