Operating System

Introduction to Information
and Communication
Technology
By
Imtiaz Ahmad
Operating System
• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface

between the software and the computer hardware.
• It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage
overall resources and operations of the computer.
• It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the
execution of all other programs that reside in the computer,
including application programs and other system software.
2
Operating System
3
Objective of Operating System
• To make the computer system convenient to use in an
efficient manner.
• To hide details of hardware resources from users.
• To provide users a convenient interface to use computer
system.
• To act as an intermediary between hardware and its users,
making it easier for users to access and use other resources.
• To manage the resources of a computer system. 4

• Some important OS are:
Compute
r
 Windows
 Linux Operatin
g
 Unix System
 Mac OS
User
5
Advantage for Developers
6
Types of Operating System
• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogrammed Operating System
• Multi-Tasking Operating System

• Real time Operating System
Batch Operating System
•NASA introduced Batch OS in 1960.

•The users who using a Batch Operating System do not
interact with the computer directly.
•Each user prepares its job on an off-line device like punch
cards and submits it to the computer operator.
•To speed up the processing, jobs with similar nature are
batched together and run as a group.
•The CPU remains idle during I/O operations, waiting for the
current job to finish before starting the next one.
8
Batch Operating System
Multiprogrammed Operating System
• A Multiprogrammed Operating System is a type of operating system

that allows multiple programs to be executed concurrently on a
computer system.
• In a multiprogrammed system, the CPU switches rapidly between
executing multiple processes, providing the illusion of simultaneous
execution.
• This approach aims to maximize CPU utilization and overall system
throughput by overlapping the execution of different programs and
reducing idle time.
Multiprogrammed Operating System
Multi-tasking Operating System
• Multitasking refers to the ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks

or processes concurrently on a single CPU.
• For Example
• User can open Gmail, Power Point, Paint and other softwares at a same time.
Multi-tasking Operating System
Real Time Operating System
• Those operating system which quick response to users request
• Without delaying
• Process the users input immediately
• Critical environments
• E.g traffic control system , radar system , missiles system
Functions of Operating System
• OS performs the following functions:
 Booting
 Memory Management
 Loading and Execution
 Data Security
 Disk Management
 Process Management
 Device Controlling
 Printing Controlling
 Providing Interface
15
Memory Management
• Important function of OS.
• Memory can not be managed without an operating systems.
• Different programs and data execute in memory at one time.
• If no OS , programs will mix with each other and system will
not work properly.
17
Disk Management
• Manage the disk space.
• Manages the stored folder and files in a proper way.
18
Process management
• CPU can perform one task at a time.
• If there are many tasks, OS decide which task should get the
CPU.
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Device Controlling
• Control all devices attached to computer.
• Hardware devices are controlled with the help of small
software called device drivers.
20
Printing Controlling
• OS control printing function.
• If a user issues two printing commands at a time, it does not
mix data of each file and print them separately.
21
Difference between Command-line
Command-line and GUI GUI
• Difficult to use • Easy to use
• More control of file • Less control of files

and OS and OS
• Provide multitasking • Enable easy user

but difficult to view view and manipulate
multiple things on multiple things at
one screen once
• Use keyboard, faster • Use mouse, slower

in performance than in working
GUI
22
Kernel
• kernel is the core component of an operating system that acts as between

hardware and software.
• It is responsible for managing the system’s resources such as CPU time, memory,
and input/output (I/O) operations
• he kernel provides essential services such as memory management, process
management, device driver management, and system calls
Shell
• A shell is a special user program that provides an interface for the user
to use operating system services.
• Shell accepts human-readable commands from users and converts
them into something which the kernel can understand.
• It is a command language interpreter that executes commands read
from input devices such as keyboards or from files.
• The shell gets started when the user logs in or starts the terminal

Operating System

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Introduction to Information

• An operating system is a program that acts as an interface

• To make the computer system convenient to use in an

• To hide details of hardware resources from users.

• To provide users a convenient interface to use computer

• To act as an intermediary between hardware and its users,

making it easier for users to access and use other resources.

• To manage the resources of a computer system. 4

• Batch Operating System

• Multiprogrammed Operating System

• Multi-Tasking Operating System

Batch Operating System

•NASA introduced Batch OS in 1960.

• A Multiprogrammed Operating System is a type of operating system

• Multitasking refers to the ability of an operating system to execute multiple tasks

• Important function of OS.

• Memory can not be managed without an operating systems.

• Different programs and data execute in memory at one time.

• If no OS , programs will mix with each other and system will

not work properly.

• Manage the disk space.

• Manages the stored folder and files in a proper way.

• CPU can perform one task at a time.

• Control all devices attached to computer.

• Hardware devices are controlled with the help of small

software called device drivers.

• OS control printing function.

• If a user issues two printing commands at a time, it does not

mix data of each file and print them separately.

• Difficult to use • Easy to use

• More control of file • Less control of files

• Provide multitasking • Enable easy user

• Use keyboard, faster • Use mouse, slower

• kernel is the core component of an operating system that acts as between

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