FUNCTIONS

Jhastin A. Kindica
BSED MATH 2C
Learning Objectives:
1.) Identify and distinguish between functions and non-
functions by analyzing equations, or sets of
ordered pairs.
2.) Determine the domain and range of a given
function from its equation, or context.
3.) Perform and simplify algebraic operations on
functions, including addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
 Relatio
Relation
n
A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first components of the
ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation, and the set of all second
components is called the range.

Example 1. Find the domain and range of the given relations.

a) {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)}

b) {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (-2, 0), (1, 5), (2, −2)}
Solution

a) Domain: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} b) Domain: {-2, -1, 1, 2}

Range:{2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Range: {-2, 0, 1, 4, 5}

 Function

A function is a correspondence between a first set, called the domain, and a

second set, called the range, such that each element in the domain corresponds
to exactly one element in the range.

Example 2. Determine whether the given relation represents a function.

a) Domain Range

Beth Hubert
Jovie Richard
Mariz Banjo
 Function

Example 2. Determine whether the given relation represents a function.

b) Domain Range

Beth 27
Jovie 28
Mavic 25
Joey 30
Glenn

c) {(-2, 16), (-4, 4), (-3, 3), (4, 12), (-4, 0)}
 FUNCTION NOTATION

Functions are usually given in terms of equations, rather than sets of ordered
pairs. These equations are expressed in a special notation. Think of a function as
a machine that is programmed with a rule or an equation that defines the
relationship between input and output. Consequently, the machine gives the
member of the range (output).
 FUNCTION NOTATION
Functions that are given as equations use the f(x) notation.

For example, f(x) = 5x + 8 describes the function f that takes an input x,

multiplies it by 5 and then adds 8.
For example, to find f(3), take the input 3, multiply it by 5, and add 8 to get 23.
In function notation,
f(x)= 5x+8
f(3)=5(3) + 8
= 23
When the domain of the function is 3, the corresponding value for the range is
23.
 FUNCTION NOTATION

The function f(x) = 5x + 8 can also be expressed as y = 5x + 8, replacing f(x)

by y.
The variable x is called the independent variable because it can be any of
the permissible numbers from the domain.
The variable y is called the dependent variable, because its value depends
on x.
The variable x is also called the argument of the function. Thinking of the
independent variable as an argument sometimes can make it easier to find the
value of a function.
 FUNCTION NOTATION

Example 3. For the function h defined by h(x) = 4x²-x+7,evaluate:

a) h(0) b) h(-3) c) h(2)

Solution a) Substitute 0 for every x in h(x) and simplify.

h(0)= 4(0)²-0+7 = 4(0)+7 = 7

b) Substitute -3 for every x in h(x) and simplify.

h(-3)= 4(-3)² - (-3)+ 7 = 4(9) + 3 + 7 = 46

c) Substitute 2 for every x in h(x) and simplify.

h(2)= 4(2)² - (2)+7 = 4(4)-2+7 = 21

 FUNCTION NOTATION

When a function f is defined by an equation in x and y, it is given implicitly.

If it is possible to solve the equation for y in terms of x, and write y = f(x), the
said function is given explicitly. In fact, "the function y = f(x)" is usually written
when it means "the function f defined by the equation y = f(x)." Although this
usage is not entirely correct, it is rather common and should not cause any
confusion.
Implicit Form Explicit Form
2x - y = 3 y = f(x) = 2x - 3
X² - y = 5 y = f(x) = x²-5
y = f(x) =10
xy=10
 FUNCTION NOTATION

Not all equations in x and y define a function. If an equation is solved

for y and two or more values of y can be obtained for a given x, then the
equation does not define a function.
For example, consider the equation x² + y² = 4, which defines a
circle. Solving for y will result to y±√ 4-x, so two values of y result for
numbers x between -4 and 4. Thus, x² + y² does not define a function.
 GRAPH NOTATION

The graph of a relation or a function f in the xy-plane consists of those

points (x, y) such that x is in the domain of f and y = f(x).

Example 4. Sketch the graph of the equation y=-x2+4x

Solution Make a table of values. The choice of x-values is arbitrary. Then
plot the points in a rectangular coordinate plane.
 GRAPH NOTATION

Example 5. Sketch the graph of the absolute value equation y=|4-x|

Solution Make a table of values then plot the points.
 GRAPH NOTATION

Example 6. Sketch the graph of y = -2.

Solution Make a table of values then plot the points.

The value of y is always -2, regardless of the value of x.

 The algebra of functions
involves performing
operations on functions,
ALGEBRA OF similar to how you perform
FUNCTIONS algebraic operations on
numbers. When dealing
with functions, you can add,
subtract, multiply, and
divide them, as well as
compose them.
Operations with Functions Addition of Functions

Their sum f + g is the function

Just as two real numbers can defined by;

be combined by the (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

operations of addition, Example:
subtraction, multiplication, f(x)=
g(x)=

(f + g)(x)= f(x) + g(x)

and division to form other

=(
real numbers, two functions
can be combined to create a
new one. (f + g)(x)=
Subtraction of Functions Example 2:
Their difference f – g is the f(x) =
function defined by: g(x) =

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Example 1: =
f(x) = –(
g(x)=

(f – g )(x)= f(x) – g(x)

=

=(
(f–g)(x)=
=(

(f – g)(x) =
Multiplication of Functions Example 2:
f(x) =
Their product f • g is the g(x) = 3x -17
function defined by;
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
=
Example 1:
f(x) = =
g(x)= 6x – 3
(f • g)(x) =
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
=(

(f • g)(x)=
 Division of Functions Example:
f(x) =
Their quotient f / g is the function
g(x) =
defined by;

The domain of f / g consists of the

numbers x for which g(x) 0 that are
in the domain of f and in the domain
of g
Composition of Functions In general, suppose that f and
g are two functions, and
Consider the function
suppose that x is a number in
y = If this is written and ,
the domain g. By evaluating g
then, by a substitution process,
at x, one gets g(x). If g(x) is in
one can obtain the original
the domain of f, then one may
function . This process is
evaluate f at g(x) and thereby
called composition.
obtain the expression f(g(x)).
The correspondence from x
to f(g(x)) is called the
composite function f ∘ g.
 a. (f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)]
Given two functions f and g, the
=
composite function f ∘ g is =
defined as: =
=
(f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)]

Example 1:
b. (g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)]
=
f(x) = =
g(x) = =

a. (f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)]

b. (g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)]
 Example 3:
Example 2: Given: and , find f(x).

Given: and

Replace g(x) by x, then simplify

Let’s Try This: 2. Given: and , find f(x).
1. Given: , and , find g(x).

Solving for g(x).

Replace g(x) by x, then simplify.

Thank you.🥰