APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Database Management System (22CSH-243)

Faculty: Ms. Shaveta Jain (E13464)

Lecture - 2 DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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Databases Architecture
DBMS: Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Course aims to:
• Understand database system concepts and design databases for different applications
and to acquire the knowledge on DBMS and RDBMS.
• Implement and understand different types of DDL, DML and DCL statements.
• Understand transaction concepts related to databases and recovery/backup
techniques required for the proper storage of data.

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COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-

Understand the database concept, system architecture and role of database
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administrator

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Outline
• Type of system Architectures
• Data Base System Architecture (Three Level ANSI-SPARC
Architecture)
• Data Independence
• Types of Data Independence

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DBMS Architecture
• The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic
client/server architecture is used to deal with a large number of PCs,
web servers, database servers, and other components that are
connected with networks.
• The client/server architecture consists of many PCs and a workstation
that are connected via the network.
• DBMS architecture depends upon how users are connected to the
database to get their requests done.

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Type of Architectures

Image Source:Javatpoint.com

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1-Tier Architecture

• In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It

means the user can directly sit on the DBMS and uses it.
• Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself. It
doesn't provide a handy tool for end-users.
• The 1-Tier architecture is used for the development of the local
application, where programmers can directly communicate with the
database for the quick response.

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2-Tier Architecture

• 2-Tier architecture is the same as the basic client-server. In the two-tier

architecture, applications on the client end can directly communicate
with the database at the server-side. For this interaction, API's
like ODBC, JDBC are used.
• The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-
side.
• The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like query
processing and transaction management.
• To communicate with the DBMS, the client-side application
establishes a connection with the server-side.
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3-Tier Architecture

• The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the client and
the server. In this architecture, the client can't directly communicate
with the server.
• The application on the client-end interacts with an application server
which further communicates with the database system.
• End-user has no idea about the existence of the database beyond the
application server. The database also has no idea about any other user
beyond the application.
• The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of the large web applications.

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Three schema Architecture

• The three schema architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture

or three-level architecture.
• This framework is used to describe the structure of a specific database
system.
• The three schema architecture is also used to separate the user
applications and physical database.
• The three schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the
database down into three different categories.

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3-schema/views of Data
• Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored.
• Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among
the data.
• View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also
hide information (such as an employee’s salary) for security purposes.
• The database can be viewed from different levels of abstraction to reveal
different levels of details. From a bottom-up manner, we may find that there
are three levels of abstraction or views in the database.
• The term Abstraction is very important here. Generally it means the amount of
detail you want to hide. Any entity can be seen from different perspectives and
levels of complexity to make it a reveal its current amount of abstraction.
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https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/

• The word schema means arrangement – how we want to arrange things that we have to store. The diagram above shows the three different
schemas used in DBMS, seen from different levels of abstraction.

• Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time

• ★ Analogous to the value of a variable
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Cont…
Three General levels :-
Internal Schema (Physical View) :-
The way the data is stored in the storage media. (Specified by the
DBA)
Conceptual Schema (Logic View):-
Describes the structure and constraints for the whole database.
(Specified and used by the programmers).
External Schema(Sub-Schema):-
The view of the database as seen by the end user.
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Internal or physical schema
• The lowest level, called the Internal or Physical schema, deals with the
description of how raw data items (like 1, ABC, KOL, H2 etc.) are
stored in the physical storage (Hard Disc, CD, Pen Drive etc.).
• It also describes the data type of these data items, the size of the items
in the storage media, the location (physical address) of the items in the
storage device and so on. This schema is useful for database
application developers and database administrator.

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Conceptual or logical schema
• The middle level is known as the Conceptual or Logical Schema, and
deals with the structure of the entire database.
• Please note that at this level we are not interested with the raw data
items anymore, we are interested with the structure of the database.
• This means we want to know the information about the attributes of
each table, the common attributes in different tables that help them to
be combined, what kind of data can be input into these attributes, and
so on.
• Conceptual or Logical schema is very useful for database
administrators whose responsibility is to maintain the entire database.
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External or View Schema
• The highest level of abstraction is the External or View Schema.
• This is targeted for the end users.
• Now, an end user does not need to know everything about the structure
of the entire database, rather than the amount of details he/she needs to
work with.

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Data Independence
• It is the property of the database which tries to ensure that if we make any change in any level of
schema of the database, the schema immediately above it would require minimal or no need of
change.
• Ability to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema definition in the
next higher level.
• The interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes
in some parts do not seriously influence others.
• What does this mean? We know that in a building, each floor stands on the floor below it. If we
change the design of any one floor, e.g. extending the width of a room by demolishing the western
wall of that room, it is likely that the design in the above floors will have to be changed also. As a
result, one change needed in one particular floor would mean continuing to change the design of
each floor until we reach the top floor, with an increase in the time, cost and labour. Would not life
be easy if the change could be contained in one floor only? Data independence is the answer for
this. It removes the need for additional amount of work needed in adopting the single change into
all the levels above.
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Types of Data Independence
Data independence can be classified into the following two types:
1. Physical Data Independence
2. Logical Data Independence

Physical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the
physical schema, the need to change the logical schema is minimal. This is
practically easier to achieve.

Logical Data Independence: This means that for any change made in the
logical schema, the need to change the external schema is minimal. As we
shall see, this is a little difficult to achieve.

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Summary

• The DBMS design depends upon its architecture. The basic

client/server architecture is used to deal with a large number of PCs,
web servers, database servers, and other components that are
connected with networks
• Level of Data Independence gives the ability to modify a schema
definition in one level without affecting a schema definition in the
next higher level.

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 FAQs

• What is Data Independence?

• What are three level of independence?
• What is 3- level architecture?
• What is internal level independence?
• What is conceptual level independence?
• What is external level independence?
References
• RamezElmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database
System”, The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co.
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database System Concepts”,
McGraw Hall.
• C.J.Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison Wesley.
• Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn & E. Begg, “Database Systems: A Practical
Approach to Design, Implementation and Management”, 5/E,
University of Paisley, Addison-Wesley.

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 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: shaveta.e13464@cumail.in

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