Module 5

Origin and
Introduction of Life

Part 1
Branch
es of
 BIOLOGY
• Biology, the scientific study of life, includes
several relevant branches.
• Biology is everywhere.
ECOLOGY
• Ecology is the science
which studies the
releationship of living
things between each other
and their environment.
• It also includes pollution
 TAXONOMY
• The study of the classification of living
organisms.
• Classification is made groups of
organisms.
 BOTANY
• Study of PLANTS
 ZOOLOGY
• Study of Animals
• including the study of
the structure,
physiology,
development, and
classification of animals.
 ICHTHYHOLOGY
• Study of Fish
 CYTOLOGY
 Cytology or
Cell biology
is the study
of cells.
 GENETICS
• It deals with heredity,
especially the mechanisms of
hereditary transmission and
the variation of inherited
characteristics among similar
or related organisms.
• It is also the study of how
features is passed to offspring
 BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The manipulation DNA for useful
purposes
 EMBRYOLOGY
• Embryology studies
the developmental
patterns of
organisms from
zygote to birth.
 ANATOMY
• Anatomy is the study of the inner
organs of the body (skin, kidney,
heart, liver etc.)
 PHYSIOLOGY
• Physiology is the biological study of the
function of living organisms and their parts.
 MICROBIOLOGY
• Microbiology deals
with microorganisms
and their effects on
other living organisms.
For example:
Bacteria
 VIROLOGY
• Virology is the study of
viruses.
 Molecular Biology
• The branches of biology
that deals with the
formation, structure, and
function of
macromolecules
essential to life, such as
nucleic acids and
proteins.
 PARASITOLOGY
• Parasitology is the
study of parasites
• Parasites are
harmful organisms
for living things.
• Example: Worms
 ORNITHOLOGY
 It is the study of birds.
ENTOMOLOGY
• It is the study of insects.
• Such as mosquito and spider
 MYCOLOGY
• It is the study of fungi.
 MORPHOLOGY
• Morphology is concerned with
phenotype (Apearance) of living
things.
Philosophical

• https://
www.you
tube.com
/watch?
v=sOZA_
ZBNHnI
 STANLEY MILLER and HAROLD UREY
EXPERIMENT

• https:/
/
www.y
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watch
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v=NNij
mxsKG
•Heredity
•The transmission of traits from
one generation to another.
 Origin and
Introduction of Life

Part 2
 Structure &
Function of Cells
 What Are the Main Characteristics of
organisms?
1. Made of CELLS
2. Require ENERGY (food)
3. REPRODUCE (species)
4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
5. ORGANIZED
6. RESPOND to environment
7. GROW and DEVELOP
8. EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes,
gases)
 MODERN CELL THEORY

1. All living things are made of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of life and all the

chemical reactions of life occur in cells

3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

Cell Fractionation and Differential
Centrifugation
 Prokaryotes vs
• All
Defined
Bacteria
nucleus
Eukaryotes
• DNA
No membrane
stored as bound
chromosomes
organelles
(w/ histone proteins)
• Chromosomes
No microtubulesregularly divide by Mitosis
• No
Flagella
9 plus&2cilia
flagella,
have flagella
9-plus-2are
pattern
singleoffilaments
microtubules
• Specialized
single circular
organelles
DNA molecule (not associated w/histone
• proteins).
Integrated multicellularity
•• No truereproduction
Sexual sexual reproduction
(different types)
 Prokaryotes
- Bacteria
• Occur in three basic shapes:
• Spherical coccus,
• Rod-shaped bacillus,
• Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or
spirochete (if flexible).

• Cell Envelope includes:

• Plasma membrane - lipid
bilayer with imbedded and
peripheral protein
- Bacteria
Bacteria
 Eukaryotes
• Domain Eukarya includes:
• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
• Cells contain:
• Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
• Specialized organelles
• Plasma membrane
• Much larger than prokaryotic cells
• Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall
Hypothesiz
ed Origin of
Eukaryotic
Cells
Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
• They contain small structures called organelles
• Perform specific functions
• Isolates reactions from others

• Two classes of organelles:

• Endomembrane system:
• Organelles that communicate with one another
• Via membrane channels
• Via small vesicles
• Energy related organelles
• Mitochondria & chloroplasts
• Basically independent & self-sufficient
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Osmosis In Plant & Animal Cells

1. Isotonic solution - there is the same concentration of solute

and solvent inside the cell as outside.
Note: molecular movement tries to achieve a dynamic equilibrium.

2. Hypotonic solution - the fluid outside has a higher

concentration of water molecules ( or a lower concentration
of solute) than inside the cell so water will flow into the cell

3. Hypertonic solution - the fluid outside has a lower

concentration of water molecules ( or a higher
concentration of solute) than inside the cell so water will
flow out of the cell
 The Cell Boundary
Plasma Membrane - selectively permeable membrane that is too thin to see
with compound microscope.

Cell Wall - structure found around plant cells, fungi cells, and certain protists,
as well as prokaryotic cells. Located outside of the plasma membrane and is
composed primarily of cellulose (in plants).

ExtraCellular Matrix - composed of molecules that serve to bind adjacent

cells. The material is a protein called collagen and elastin in animals.
 Internal Structures of
Cells
Cytoplasm - semi fluid, that serves as a pool of raw materials. Most (70%)
is water, and the rest is proteins (mostly), carbohydrates, and nucleotides,
as well as their monomers.

Ribosomes - small structures occurring mostly in the cytoplasm.

• site of protein synthesis
• molecular complexes of ribosomal RNA and proteins.
Cytoskeleton: 3-D network of small protein fibers.

• Suspends organelles in the cytoplasm allowing movement

• Three types:
a. Microfilaments - very fine structures
• bind the cell
• important in cell division & cell movement.

b. Intermediate fibers - help maintain cell shape

c. Microtubules - largest
• maintain cell shape
• form spindle fibers
• make up cilia and flagella
• Two chief functions
Nucleus
a) carry hereditary information
b) exert influence on ongoing cell activity, helping to
to maintain homeostasis.

• Contains DNA in the form of chromatin fibers or

chromosomes

• Nuclear Envelope - double membrane formed by two lipid

bi-layers perforated by pores through which RNA passes

• Nucleolus (typically 2 per cell) - it manufactures ribosomal

RNA
 Organelles of

Synthesis, Storage, and Export

Endoplasmic reticulum - a network of flattened hollow

tubules and channels

a. Smooth ER - manufactures lipids, contains

enzymes that detoxify certain poisons, transports
carbohydrates, lipids, and other non-proteins.

b. Rough ER - these tubules are studded with

ribosomes (proteins are synthesized that are
destined to be secreted out of the cell).
 Golgi Apparatus
• Collection of flat sacs that transport proteins produced by
rough ER to the outside of the cell.

• Secretory vesicles transport material out of organelle via

exocytosis.
 Types of Secretory Vesicles
• Lysosomes - contain powerful digestive enzymes.
Function: a) help recycle worn out cell parts
b) act like miniature stomachs
c) act as "suicide bags" - autophagy
 Energy Organelles
1. Mitochondria - double membrane bound organelle

• ATP is produced here by cell respiration

• elongate and surrounded by 2 phosphobilipid

membranes

• have their own DNA

• may also have arisen as endosymbionts

 Energy Organelles
2. Plastids - found in plants, some protists

a. Chloroplasts - site photosynthesis

• contain chlorophyll pigment
• double membranes like mitochondria
• have their own DNA and ribosomes; and may also have arisen as
endosymbionts.
b. Chromoplasts - store yellow, orange, and red
pigments
• give the color to fruits and flowers

c. Leucoplasts - store starches and proteins in plants

Vacuoles - Small in animal cells (storage)
• Plant cells - Central Vacuole appears as empty space,
pushing the other organelles and cytoplasm towards the
outer boundary of the cell & storing water.

• Functions:
a) taking up space; pushing other organelles closer to the
plasma membrane & give cell its shape,
b) store waste products to be released later or to prevent
other organisms from eating them
c) in some single-celled organisms, they are used to
eliminate water (Contractile Vacuole).
 Organelles of Movement

Flagella - whip like microtubules

Cilia - shorter and more numerous, move in waves allowing

 Thank you
for
listening! 