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programming languages

Uploaded by

somi somi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Languages
Language

A system of communication.
Computer Language
Means of communication used to
communicate between people
and the computer.
Difference between natural
language and computer
language
Natural language has a very
large vocabulary whereas
computer languages mostly have
a very limited vocabulary.
Classification of Computer
Languages

Computer Languages

Machine Language Assembly Language High Level Language


Machine Language
Fundamental language
understood by computer.
Also known as Machine Code.
Written as strings of binary 0’s
and 1’s.
No translation program is
required.
Not really easy to learn.
Instruction Format
Opcode Operand
(Operation Code) (Address)

Instruction prepared in machine


language has 2 parts
 Operation Code: Specifies
operation to be performed.
 Operand: specifies address of
operand.
Advantages of Machine
Language
Programs written in machine
language are very fast to
execute as instructions written
in Machine language are directly
understood by CPU and no
translation program is required.
Limitations of Machine
Language
Machine dependent.
Difficult to program
Error prone.
Assembly Language
To simplify the program writing
process used in machine
language, the numeric operation
codes of Machine language were
substituted by letter
symbols(Mnemonics).
Mnemonics
Itis any kind of mental trick we
use to help us remember.
For example: machine code of
111 can be interpreted as
subtract but it is still easier for us
to remember it as SUB.
Addition of two numbers
Machine Assembly
Language Language
0001100100 CLA A
………… ADD B
………… STA C
………… TYP C
………….. HLT
Assembly Language

The language which substitutes


letters and symbols for the
numbers in the machine
language program is called an
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE or
SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE.
Assembler
The translator program that
translates an assembly code into
machine code is called an Assembler.

Assembly Machine
Language Language
Assembler
Program Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Advantages of Assembly Language
over Machine Language
Easier to understand and use.
Easy to locate and correct errors.
Easier to modify.
No worry about addresses.
Limitations of Assembly
Language
Machinedependent.
Knowledge of hardware required.

Machine and Assembly


Languages being machine
dependent are called as Low
Level Languages.
High Level Language(HLL)
 High level languages instead of being machine
based are oriented more towards the problem
to be solved.
 HLL are basically symbolic languages that use
English words and/or mathematical symbols
rather than Mnemonic codes.
 HLL are known as Problem Oriented
Languages.
 Every instruction written in HLL is translated
into many machine language instructions. This
is one to many translation whereas in
Assembly Language there is one to one
translation.
Compiler
The translator program that
translates the instructions of HLL into
Machine Language is called Compiler.

High Level Machine


Language Language
Compiler
Program Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Interpreter
 An Interpreter is a type of translator used for translating
HLL into Machine Code.
 It takes one statement of HLL and translates it into a
Machine instruction which is immediately executed.

High Level Machine


Language Language
Interpreter
Program Program
(Source Program) (Object Program)
Difference between
Interpreter and a Compiler
 In case of Compiler, whole source program is
translated into equivalent machine language
program. The object code thus obtained is
permanently saved for future use. So, repeated
compilation is not necessary whereas in Interpreter
no object code is saved because translation and
execution process alternate.
 Advantage of an Interpreter over Compiler is that it
responses fast to changes in source program.
 Interpreters are easy to write and do not require large
memory space.
 Disadvantage of interpreter over compiler is that
interpreter is a time consuming translation method
because each statement must be translated every
time it is executed from source program.
Assemblers, Interpreters and
Compilers are System Software
that translate a source program
into object program and are
known as Language
Processors.
Advantages of High Level
Languages
Machine independent.
Easy to learn and use.
Fewer errors.
Easier to maintain.
Thank you

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