MIT-WPU

School of R&A
S.Y. B. Tech (Semester IV)
Microcontroller and Applications
ECE2003B
 Unit-IV
Peripheral Interfacing and Programming-II
Serial Port Programming

Basics of Serial Communication Protocol

Study of
• UART
• RS232
• RS485
• I2C
• SPI
• EPROM with SPI
• Comparative study of various emerging microcontrollers
• Microcontroller Applications: Case Study
• Microcontroller Applications: Case Study
 Introduction
 Parallel communication implies sending a whole byte (or more) of data
over multiple parallel wires
 Serial communication implies sending data bit by bit over a single wire

There are 2 types of serial communication:

 Asynchronous
 Synchronous
 Synchronous Communication

 In Synchronous Communication, data flows in the form of blocks or

frames.

 Synchronization between the sender and receiver is necessary so

that the sender know where the new byte starts (since there is no gap
between the data).
 Synchronous Transmission
• In Synchronous Transmission, data flows in the form of blocks or frames.
• All operations are synchronized with clock.
• Synchronization between the sender and receiver is necessary so that the
sender know where the new byte starts (since there is no gap between the data).
 Asynchronous Communication

 In Asynchronous Communication data flows, 1 byte or a character at a

time.
 It does not require a clock for synchronization; rather it uses the parity
bits to tell the receiver how to interpret the data.
 The size of a character sent is 8 bits to which a parity bit is added i.e.
a start and a stop bit that gives the total of 10 bits.

MC Devices,(PC,
ADC, DAC etc)
 Introduction
 There are 2 types of serial communication:
 Asynchronous
 Synchronous
Simplex Mode

Half-Duplex Mode

Full-Duplex Mode
Modes of Communication
 Serial Communication Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the sender and receiver on

• How the data is packed
• How many bits constitute a character
• When the data begins and ends
Many popular serial communication standards exist—
Some examples are:
 RS 485
 RS-232 (using UART)
 Serial Peripheral interface (SPI)
 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C)
 System Management Bus (SMBus)
 Serial Communication Buses

 The C8051F340 has

 Two UARTs (UART0 & UART1)
 one SPI
 one SMBus
 one USB hardware peripherals

 UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

Serial Communication Buses
 Asynchronous Serial Communication

• Start bit—indicates the beginning of the data word

(logic ‘0’)
• Stop bit—indicates the end of the data word (logic ‘1’)
• Parity bit—added for error detection (optional)
• Data bits—the actual data to be transmitted (8-bits)
Start Bit Parity Bit 1 or 2 Stop Bits

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

1 Asynchronous Byte
The parity bit, unlike the start and stop bits, is an optional parameter, used in serial communications to determine if
the data character being transmitted is correctly received by the remote device.
 Asynchronous Serial Communication
 Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-oriented
transmissions

 Each character is placed in between start and stop bits, this is called framing

 The start bit is always be one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits

 Asynchronous transmission is easy to implement but less efficient as it requires an

extra 2-3 control bits for every 8 data bits

 This method is usually used for low volume transmission

 Asynchronous Serial Communication
• The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second)

• Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate, it is modem terminology and is
defined as the number of signal changes per second

• In modems, there are occasions when a single change of signal transfers several bits of
data

• As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the same, and we
use the terms interchangeably

• Throughput—actual data transmitted per sec (total bits transmitted—overhead)

• Example: 115200 baud rate
• If using 8-bit data, 1 start, 1 stop, and no parity bits,
• Effective throughput is: 115200 * 8 / 10 = 92160 bits/sec
11101001
Characteristics of serial Communication
• Baud rate is used to measure the speed of transmission.
• It is described as the number of bits passing in one second.
• For example, if the baud rate is 200 then 200 bits per Sec passed.
• In telephone lines, the baud rates will be 14400, 28800 and 33600.
• Stop Bits are used for a single packet to stop the transmission which is denoted
as “T”. Some typical values are 1, 1.5 & 2 bits.
• Parity Bit is the simplest form of checking the errors.
• These are of four kinds, i.e., even odd, marked and spaced.
• For example, If 011 is a number the parity bit=0, i.e., even parity and the
parity=1, i.e., odd parity.
 RS232
• An interfacing standard RS232 was set by the Electronics
Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.
• The standard was set long before the advent of the TTL logic
family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible
• In RS232, a Logic ‘1’ is represented by -3V to -25V, while a
Logic ‘0’ bit is +3V to +25V, making -3V to +3V undefined
• A line driver such as the MAX232 chip is required to convert
RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa
• RS232 is available in two types
1. DB25
2. DB9
 What is RS232?
• RS232C “Recommended Standard 232C” is the recent version of Standard 25
pin whereas, RS232D which is of 22 pins.
• In new PC’s male D-type which is of 9 pins.
• RS232 is a standard protocol used for serial communication, it is used for
connecting computer and its peripheral devices to allow serial data exchange
between them.
• It obtains the voltage for the path used for the data exchange between the devices.
• It is used in serial communication up to 50 feet with the rate of 1.492kbps.
• As EIA defines, the RS232 is used for connecting Data Transmission
Equipment (DTE) and Data Communication Equipment (DCE).
RS232 DB9 Connector Pin Description
1 Data carrier detect (DCD)
2 Received data (RxD)
3 Transmitted data (TxD)

4 Data terminal ready (DTR)

5 Signal ground (GND)

6 Data set ready (DSR)

7 Request to send (RTS)

8 Clear to send (CTS)

9 Ring indicator (RI)

Handshaking Signals in RS232
Handshaking Signals in RS232
Connection between PC and
Microcontroller
• The connection between PC and Microcontroller requires only three
pins viz. TxD, RxD and Ground
 Connection of RS232 using MAX232 with C8051F340

C8051F340

P0.4

P0.5

Logic 1: 5V Logic 1 : -3V ~ -25 V

Logic 0: 0V Logic 0 : 3V ~ 25 V
 RS-485
• RS 485 was developed to provide high speed data.
• The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and
is referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or
TIA-485 may also be seen.
• RS 485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at
distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet
with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
• Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many
applications where remote data acquisition was require.
• In general,
The RS-485 is for higher speeds over longer ranges.
The RS-232 is best for short-distance low-speed requirements.
Comparison between RS232 and RS485
 UART0 of C8051F340

• UART0 is an asynchronous, full duplex serial port offering modes 1 and 3 of the

standard 8051 UART.

• UART0 has two associated SFRs:

1. Serial Control Register 0 (SCON0) and

2. Serial Data Buffer 0 (SBUF0)

• The single SBUF0 location provides access to both transmit and receive registers.

• Writes to SBUF0 always access the Transmit register. Reads of SBUF0 always access
the buffered Receive register; it is not possible to read data from the Transmit register.
UART0 Block Diagram

• This diagram shows the various functional blocks of

the UART.
• UART0 and UART1 are identical in their operation.
• There are two SFRs - SBUFx and SCONx – used to
control and manage the serial communication.
 UART Block

UART0 is accessed by two SFRs—SBUF0 and SCON0

• The Serial Port Buffer (SBUF) is essentially two buffers & registers :
1. Writing loads data to be transmitted to the buffer -Transmit write-only register
2. Reading accesses received data from the buffer - Receive read-only register

• The Serial Port Control register 0 (SCON0) contains status and control bits

• The control bits set the operating mode for the serial port, and status
bits indicate the end of the character transmission or reception
• The status bits are tested in software (polling) or programmed to
cause an interrupt (TI0 & RI0)
 UART Clock Requirements

• A UART needs a clock input for bit timing

• UART baud rates are usually much lower than the MCU system
clock, so the system clock cannot be directly used as the UART
clock

• Timers are used to generate the UART baud rate by dividing down
the system clock
Baud Rate Generation

ClockSource

ClockSource
 Baud Rate Generation

• The UART0 baud rate is generated by Timer 1 in Mode 2 i.e. 8-bit auto-reload
mode.

• The TX clock is generated by TL1; the RX clock is generated by a copy of

TL1 which is not user-accessible.

• Both TX and RX Timer overflows are divided by two to generate the TX and
RX baud rates. The RX Timer runs when Timer 1 is enabled, and uses the
same reload value (TH1).

• RX Timer reload is forced when a START condition is detected on the RX

pin. This allows a receive to begin any time a START is detected, independent
of the TX Timer state.
 UART Baud Rate generation

𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 1
𝑈𝑎𝑟𝑡𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒= ×
( 256 −𝑇𝐻 1 ) 2
• Where SystemClock is the frequency of the clock supplied to Timer 1, and
TH1 is the high byte of Timer 1

• Timer 1 may be clocked by one of six sources:

1. SYSCLK,
2. SYSCLK / 4,
3. SYSCLK / 12,
4. SYSCLK / 48,
5. External oscillator clock / 8,
6. External input TI.

• TH1 = 256 - (SystemClock/UartBaudRate/2)

 UART Baud Rate generation
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 1
𝑈𝑎𝑟𝑡𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒= ×
( 256 −𝑇𝐻 1 ) 2
Baud rate = 9600, Consider SystemClock = 12MHz
•TH1 = 256 - (SystemClock/UartBaudRate/2)
•TH1 = 256 – 625
•As 625>256 ------ Pre-scalar is required to bring value in the range of 256
•So use pre-scalar as /4
•TH1 = 256 - (625/4)

•TH1 = 256 - 156.25 =99.75 ~ (100)d = (64)hex

 UART Baud Rate generation
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 1
𝑈𝑎𝑟𝑡𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒= ×
( 256 −𝑇𝐻 1 ) 2
Baud rate = 2400, Consider SystemClock = 12MHz
•TH1 = 256 - (SystemClock/UartBaudRate/2)
•TH1 = 256 – 2500
•As 2500>256 ------Pre-scalar is required to bring value in the range of 256
•So use pre-scalar as /12
•TH1 = 256 - (2500/12)

•TH1 = 256 – 208.33 = 47.67 ~ (48)d = (30)hex

 UART Baud Rate generation
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 1
𝑈𝑎𝑟𝑡𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒= ×
( 256 −𝑇𝐻 1 ) 2
Baud rate = 1200, Consider SystemClock = 12MHz
•TH1 = 256 - (SystemClock/UartBaudRate/2)
•TH1 = 256 – 5000
•As 5000>256 ------Pre-scalar is required to bring value in the range of 256
•So use pre-scalar as /48
•TH1 = 256 - (5000/48)

•TH1 = 256 – 104.16 = 151.84 ~ (151)d = (98)hex

Timer Settings for Standard Baud Rates Using the Internal Oscillator
 Operational Modes

• UART0 provides standard asynchronous, full duplex communication.

• The UART mode

8-bit

9-bit

• UART mode is selected by the S0MODE bit (SCON0.7).

Serial Port 0 Control: SCON SCON=0x00H
Serial Port 0 Control: SCON
SBUF0
SFR- CKCON: Clock Control
SFR- CKCON: Clock Control
X B R 0 (C ro sb a rR eg ister0 )

XBR0 = 0x01;
 Port pin assignment
Pin assignments to associated functions are done in groups
For example, TX0 and RX0 for UART0 are assigned together

Example: If the UART0EN bit (XBR0.1) is set to logic 1, the TX0 and
RX0 pins will be mapped to the port pins P0.4 and P0.5, respectively.
Since UART0 has the highest priority, its pins will always be mapped to
P0.4 and P0.5 when UART0EN is set to logic 1 and will have
precedence over any other peripheral allocation
 Write C instruction
Enable UART through crossbar priority decoder (XBR0)
XBR0 = 0x01;
Enable crossbar priority decoder (XBR1)
XBR1 = 0x40;
Configure 8-bit transmission and reception disabled (SCON0)
SCON0 = 0x00;
UART interconnection diagram & Operational Modes
UART interconnection diagram & Operational Modes
 8-Bit UART Transmission

• 8-Bit UART mode uses a total of 10 bits per data byte: one start bit,
eight data bits (LSB first), and one stop bit.

• Data in LSB first format is transmitted from the TX0 pin and received at
the RX0 pin.

• Data transmission begins when a data byte is written to the SBUF0

register.

• The TI0 Transmit Interrupt Flag (SCON0.1) is set at the end of the
transmission (the beginning of the stop-bit time).
8 Bit UART diagram
 8-Bit UART Reception

• Data reception can begin any time after the REN0 Receive Enable bit
(SCON0.4) is set to logic 1.

• After the stop bit is received, the data byte will be loaded into the SBUF0
receive register.

• On receive, the eight data bits are stored in SBUF0 and the stop bit goes
into RB80 (SCON0.2).

• The RI0 Receive Interrupt Flag (SCON0.0) is set at the end of the
reception (the beginning the stop-bit time).
Interfacing Diagram for UART Communication
Interfacing Diagram for CIP 51 as Transmitter

Receiver
Transmitter

UART 0
Hyper
Terminal/
Tera term
 UART Transmission Algorithm

• Define SYSCLK 12000000

• Define BR_UART0 9600
• Declare and Initialize character array with string to be transmitted
• Initialize a variable for ‘FOR’ loop
• Configure internal oscillator for its maximum frequency 12MHz
(OSCICN)
• Enable UART through crossbar priority decoder (XBR0)
• Enable crossbar priority decoder (XBR1)
• Configure transmit pin as output (P0MDOUT)
• Configure 8-bit transmission and reception disabled (SCON)
• Select pre-scaler for Timer 0/1 (CKCON)
 UART Transmission Algorithm (Contd.)

• Load count for desired baud rate in TH1

• Load TH1 value in TL1
• Configure TMOD for Timer 1 in Mode 2
• Start Timer
• For loop
• Load each character to be sent in SBUF0 register one by one
• Wait for transmission to be over by polling for TI0 flag
• Clear TI0 flag for the next iteration
• Stop
 UART Transmission Program
#include "c8051F340.h"
#define SYSCLK 12000000 /* System Clk=12MHz*/
#define BR_UART0 9600 /* Baud rate =9600*/
void main()
{
char ch[]={"MIT"};
int i;
OSCICN= 0x83; /*Configure internal oscillator for its maximum frequency 12MHz*/
XBR0 = 0x01; /* Route UART0 on P0.4 –TXD& P0.5-RXD - pin */
XBR1 = 0x40; /* Enable Crossbar*/
P0MDOUT = 0x10; /* P0.4 –TXD - pin configured as Output */
SCON0=0x00; /* Select 8 bit UART mode */
 UART Transmission Program
CKCON = 0x01; /* T0/T1 pre-scalar bit SCA1 SCA0=01 to make sysckl/4*/
TH1 = 256-(SYSCLK/BR_UART0/2/4);
/*(SYSCLK/BR_UART0/2/256 < 4) so the prescaler is by 4 */
/* T1M = 0; SCA1:0 = 01 */
TL1 = TH1; /* Init Timer1 */
TMOD = 0x20; /* TMOD: timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload */
TR1 = 1; /* START Timer1 */
while(1)
{
for (i=0;ch[i]!='\0';i++)
{
SBUF0 = ch[i]; /* Load character to be transmiited in SBUF*/
while(TI0 == 0);
TI0 = 0; /* Clear transmit interrupt flag*/
}
}
Interfacing Diagram for CIP51 as Receiver
 UART Reception Algorithm

• Define SYSCLK 12000000

• Define BR_UART0 9600
• Configure internal oscillator for its maximum frequency 12MHz
(OSCICN)
• Enable UART through crossbar priority decoder (XBR0)
• Enable crossbar priority decoder (XBR1)
• Configure receive pin as input (P0MDIN)
• Configure Port4 as Digital output
• Configure 8-bit mode and reception enabled (SCON)
• Select prescaler for Timer 1 (CKCON)
 UART Reception Algorithm (Contd.)

• Load count for desired baud rate in TH1

• Load TH1 value in TL1
• Configure TMOD for Timer 1 in Mode 2
• Start Timer
• For reception
• Wait for reception to be over by polling for RI0 flag
• Send complimented value of SBUF0 register to Port4
• Clear RI0
 UART Reception Program
#include "c8051F340.h"
#define SYSCLK 12000000 /* System Clk=12MHz*/
#define BR_UART0 9600 /* Baud rate =9600*/
void main()
{
int i;
OSCICN= 0x83; /*Configure internal oscillator for its maximum frequency 12MHz*/
XBR0 = 0x01; /* Route UART0 on P0.4 –TXD& P0.5-RXD - pin */
XBR1 = 0x40; /* Enable Crossbar*/
P0MDIN = 0x20; /* P0.5-RXD pin configured as input */
P4MDOUT =0xFF; /* P4 as output port to display received data on LEDs*/
SCON0=0x10; /* Enable receiver & select 8 bit UART mode */
 UART Reception Program
CKCON = 0x01; /* T0/T1 pre-scalar bit SCA1 SCA0=01 to make sysckl/4*/
TH1 =256 -(SYSCLK/BR_UART0/2/4);
/*(SYSCLK/BR_UART0/2/256 < 4) so the prescaler is by 4 */
/* T1M = 0; SCA1:0 = 01 */

TL1 = TH1; /* Init Timer1*/

TMOD = 0x20; /* TMOD: timer 1 in 8-bit autoreload*/
TR1 = 1; /* START Timer1*/

while(RI0 ==0);
{
P4=~SBUF0; /*Display received data on P4 where LED (Common cathode) are connected*/
RI0 = 0; /* Clear receive interrupt flag*/
}
}
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

 Serial peripheral interface (SPI) is one of the most widely used interfaces between
microcontroller and peripheral ICs such as sensors, ADCs, DACs, shift registers, SRAM,
EPROM, and others.
 SPI is a synchronous, full duplex Mater Slave based interface.
 The SPI interface can be either 3-wire or 4-wire
 SPI bus consists of a single master and multiple slave devices. But SPI bus can be used in
different configurations like a single master and a single slave.
 Why SPI communication is used?
 Embedded system engineers use SPI communication protocol when they want to
transfer fast data between two digital devices and a small number of input-output
pins are available.
 In embedded systems due to constraints of less number of GPIO pins, we use serial
peripheral interface to transfer data between two devices by using the minimum
number of GPIO pins.
 SPI communication saves the wiring pins and also reduces the cost of hardware.
 This protocol can be implemented very easily and quickly with fewer I/O pins.
It has a serial interface and a single master can control multiple slave devices to
transfer data between each other.
 The only disadvantage of this is slower communication or data transfer rate.
However, it is used in those applications where real-time data transfer is not
mandatory.
 Serial Communication Buses of C8051F340

 The C8051F340 has

 Two UARTs (UART0 & UART1)
 one SPI
 one SMBus
 one USB hardware peripherals
SPI of C051F340
 Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI0)

• The Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI0) provides access to a flexible, full-duplex
synchronous serial bus.
• SPI0 can operate as a master or slave device in both 3-wire or 4-wire modes, and supports
multiple masters and slaves on a single SPI bus.
• The slave-select (NSS) signal can be configured as an input to select SPI0 in slave mode, or
to disable Master Mode operation in a multi-master environment, avoiding contention on the
SPI bus when more than one master attempts simultaneous data transfers.
• NSS can also be configured as a chip-select output in master mode, or disabled for 3-wire
operation.
• Additional general purpose port I/O pins can be used to select multiple slave devices in
master mode.
SPI Block Diagram
 SPI Signal Descriptions
The four signals used by SPI0 are

• MOSI (Master Out, Slave In)

• MISO (Master In, Slave Out )

• SCK (Serial Clock )

• NSS (Slave Select)

 SPI Signal Descriptions
Master Out, Slave In (MOSI)
• The master-out, slave-in (MOSI) signal is an output from a master device and an input to the
slave devices.
• It is used to serially transfer data from the master to the slave. This signal is an output when
SPI0 is operating as a master and an input when SPI0 is operating as a slave.
• Data is transferred most-significant bit first. When configured as a master, MOSI is driven by
the MSB of the shift register in both 3- and 4-wire mode.
Master In, Slave Out (MISO)
• The master-in, slave-out (MISO) signal is an output from a slave device and an input to the
master device.
• It is used to serially transfer data from the slave to the master. This signal is an input when SPI0
is operating as a master and an output when SPI0 is operating as a slave.
• Data is transferred most-significant bit first. The MISO pin is placed in a high-impedance state
when the SPI module is disabled and when the SPI operates in 4-wire mode as a slave that is not
selected.
 SPI Signal Descriptions
Serial Clock (SCK)
• The serial clock (SCK) signal is an output from the master device and an input to slave devices.
• It is used to synchronize the transfer of data between the master and slave on the MOSI and MISO lines.
• SPI0 generates this signal when operating as a master. The SCK signal is ignored by a SPI slave when the slave is not
selected (NSS = 1) in 4-wire slave mode.
Slave Select (NSS)
The function of the slave-select (NSS) signal is dependent on the setting of the NSSMD1 and NSSMD0 bits in the
SPI0CN register. There are three possible modes that can be selected with these bits:
1. NSSMD[1:0] = 00: 3-Wire Master or 3-Wire Slave Mode: SPI0 operates in 3-wire mode, and NSS is disabled.
When operating as a slave device, SPI0 is always selected in 3-wire mode.
Since no select signal is present, SPI0 must be the only slave on the bus in 3-wire mode. This is intended for point-to-
point communication between a master and one slave.
2. NSSMD[1:0] = 01: 4-Wire Slave or Multi-Master Mode: SPI0 operates in 4-wire mode, and NSS is enabled as an
input. When operating as a slave, NSS selects the SPI0 device. When operating as a master, a 1-to-0 transition of the
NSS signal disables the master function of SPI0 so that multiple master devices can be used on the same SPI bus.
3. NSSMD[1:0] = 1x: 4-Wire Master Mode: SPI0 operates in 4-wire mode, and NSS is enabled as an output. The
setting of NSSMD0 determines what logic level the NSS pin will output. This configuration should only be used when
operating SPI0 as a master device.
 SPI0 Modes

1. SPI0 Master Mode Operation

A.Multiple-Master Mode
B.3-Wire Single Master and Slave Mode
C.4-Wire Single Master Mode and Slave Mode

2. SPI0 Slave Mode Operation

SPI Modes

CPOL: Clock Polarity CPHA: Clock Phase

 Clock Polarity and Phase

• At CPOL=0 the base value of the clock is zero

For CPHA=0, data are read on the clock’s rising edge (low->high transition) and
data are changed on a falling edge (high->low transition).
For CPHA=1, data are read on falling edge and data are changed on rising
edge.

• At CPOL=1 the base value of the clock is one

For CPHA=0, data are read on falling edge and data are changed on rising
edge.
 SPI Special Function Registers

SPI0 is accessed and controlled through four special function registers in the system
controller:

1. SPI0CN Control Register

2. SPI0DAT Data Register

3. SPI0CFG Configuration Register

4. SPI0CKR Clock Rate Register

SFR- SPI0CFG: SPI0 Configuration
SPI0CFG = __________ //Enable the SPI as a Master
//mode0: CKPHA = '0', CKPOL = '0'
SFR- SPI0CFG: SPI0 Configuration
SFR-SPI0CN: SPI0 Control
SFR-SPI0CN: SPI0 Control SPI0CN = _________; // 4-wire Single Master, SPI enabled
SPI0CKR: SPI0 Clock Rate SPI0CKR = (SYSCLK/(2*SPI_CLOCK))-1;
Comparison of Serial Interfaces
Comparison of various 8-bit microcontrollers

I2C
¨ Case Study-

¨ Data Acquisition System

¨ Traffic Light Controller

 Data Acquisition System

■ Data acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products or

processes used to collect information to document or analyze some
physical phenomenon.

■ The purpose of any DAQ system is to gather useful measurement

data for characterization, monitoring or control.

■ Data acquisition systems typically involve the conversion of analog

input into digital values for processing by microcontroller.
 Block Diagram of Data Acquisition System

Signal Display, controlling

DAQ
Senso Conditioni AD device or
r ng Circuit C Hardwar
Application
e
Software
■ Key Components
■ Sensor

■ Signal Conditioning Circuit

■ ADC

■ DAQ Hardware (Data Acquisition Hardware)

■ Microcontroller / PCI Cards / Processors

■ Display

■ LCD Display / Seven Segment / TFT etc.

■ Application Software on PC : LabView / MATLAB etc.

Typical Data Acquisition System
 Sensor and Transducer
• A sensor is a device that detects changes and events in a physical
stimulus and provides a corresponding output signal that can be
measured and/or recorded.
• Here, the output signal can be any measurable signal and is generally an
electrical quantity.

• Transducers are the devices that convert energy in one form into another
form.
• Generally the energy is in the form of a signal.
• Transducer is a term alternatively used for the sensor.
 Sensors
Mechanical Sensors
■ Pressure sensor – measures pressure

■ Barometer – measures atmospheric pressure

■ Altimeter – measures the altitude of an object above a fixed level

■ Liquid flow sensor – measures liquid flow rate

■ Gas flow sensor – measures velocity, direction, and/or flow rate of a gas

■ Accelerometer – measures acceleration

■ Thermal Sensors

■ Thermometer – measures absolute temperature

■ Calorimeter – measures the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes

and heat capacity

 Physical Phenomena & Sensors

■ Temperature: Thermocouple, Thermistor, RTD, Fibre optics

■ Strain: Strain Gauge, Load Cell
■ Sound: Condenser, Microphone, Piezoelectric
■ Vibration: Accelerometer, Proximity Probe, LVDT, Variable
Reluctance
■ Position and Displacement: LVDT,Optical Encoders, Hall Effect
Sensor, Potentiometers
■ Pressure: Absolute, Gauge, Vaccume
■ Force: Beam and S type strain gauge
 Sensor Selection Criteria
• Type of Sensing: The parameter that is being sensed like temperature, pressure,
humidity, distance, etc.
• Operating Principle: The principle of operation of the sensor.
• Power Consumption: The power consumed by the sensor will play an
important role in defining the total power of the system.
• Accuracy: The accuracy of the sensor is a key factor in selecting a sensor.
• Environmental Conditions: The conditions in which the sensor is being used
will be a factor in choosing the quality of a sensor.
• Cost: Depending on the cost of application, a low cost sensor or high cost sensor
can be used.
• Resolution and Range: The smallest value that can be sensed and the limit of
measurement are important.
• Calibration and Repeatability: Change of values with time and ability to
repeat measurements under similar conditions.
 ADC Selection Consideration (If external ADC interfaced)

PRIMARY
■ What is the required level of system accuracy?

■ How many bits of resolution are required?

■ What is the nature of the analog input signal?

■ How fast must the converter operate (conversion speed)?

■ What are the environmental conditions?

■ Is a track-and-hold circuit required?

ADC Selection Consideration (If external ADC interfaced)

SECONDARY
■ Does the system have multiple channels?

■ Should the reference be internal or external?

■ What are the drive amplifier requirements?

■ What are the digital interface requirements?

■ What type of digital output format is required?

■ What are the timing conditions?

 Need of Signal Conditioner

■ The electrical signals generated by the transducers/sensors must be

optimized for the input range of the ADC.

■ Signal conditioning is used to amplify, attenuate, shape, or isolate

signals from transducers/ sensor before they are sent to the
measurement hardware i.e. ADC.

■ Signal conditioning converts the signal to a form that is better

measured by the system, or in some cases, makes it possible to
measure the signal at all.
 Kinds of Signal Conditioning

Amplification
■ Instrumentation Amplifiers
■ Conversion (Sensor Output to Voltage)
■ I to V, F to V etc.
■ Filtering
■ Attenuation
■ Isolation
■ Linearization
■ Multiplexing
■ Excitation
■ Circuit Protection
 Selection of Microcontroller
■ CPU Architecture
■ Harvard or Princeton
■ ALU : 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit
■ Clock Speed
■ Instruction Set : RISC or CISC
■ Memory
■ External Memory Interface capability
■ Internal Flash Memory
■ Cache Memory
■ Memory Management Unit
 Selection of Microcontroller

■ I/O Ports
■ Serial Communication Interface
■ UART / SPI / I2C / 1-wire

■ Harvard or Princeton

■ On-chip ADC
■ SAR or Sigma Delta

■ On-chip Timer/ Counter

■ PWM Module
■ Advanced Communication : USB,Ethernet,CAN
■ Debugging Facilities : JTAG, SWD, ICE
 Selection of Microcontroller

■ Easily availability of Development tools

■ IDE
■ Compiler
■ Programmer
■ Debugger
■ Cost and Availability of Microcontrollers
■ Ease of integration
■ Major hardware blocks required
■ Easily availability of Testing Facilities
 Application Areas of Data Acquisition System

■ Process Monitoring
■ Wireless Sensor Network
■ Internet of Things
■ Test and Measurement
■ Furnace Control
■ Green House/poly house
■ Resource Management
■ Automotive Electronics
■ Robotic Applications
 Performance Parameters of Data Acquisition System

■ Resolution
■ Accuracy
■ Number of Channels supported
■ Communication Protocols
■ Communication Speed
■ Portability
■ Flexibility / Scalability
 Data Acquisition System - Example : To measure room temperature
Sensor selection: LM35
Temperature range: 5 degree to 50degree
Specifications: Refer datasheet
LM35 Regulator Features:
• Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°C
• Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a
rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
• ±0.5°C Accuracy
• Drain current is less than 60uA
• Low cost temperature sensor
• Small and hence suitable for remote applications
• Available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SOIC package
 Calculations
LM35 resolution is 10 mV per 1°C
So, sensor output range: 50mV to 500mV , considering the temperature range to be sensed as 5°C to 50°C
Output of sensor = Input to ADC
So, Input range to ADC 50mV to 500mV
If Vref of ADC is 5V then 500mV has to be amplified to 5V.
So, Amplification factor will be 10
Need to design amplifier with gain of 10

Now, for example for 1°C output of sensor = 1*10 =10mV

So, input to ADC = 10mV*10 = 100mV=0.1V
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 0.1/5*1024=20.48=20.5

Now, for example for 20°C output of sensor = 20*10mV =200mV

So, input to ADC = 200mV*10 = 2V
ADC0H:ADC0L= ____
 ADC Calculations
If we select C8051F340 and program on chip 10 bit ADC for this application, we need to read the
temperature.
So read Dout from ADC and convert it in temperature.
ADC Output Register (Dout),
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 00000001:10011010

Convert this value to Dout value as,

Dout = [((B1 of ADC0H)*29)+(B0 of ADC0H)*28))+ (ADC0L)]Hex

For Example:

Dout = [(100) + (9A)] = (19A) Hex

Dout = (HexToDecimal(Dout)) = (410) Dec
Dout = Dout/20.5 = (20) Dec = 20°C

Finally display it on LCD by representing this value as char and by separating the digits and adding the unit.
 ADC Calculations
If we select C8051F340 and program on chip 10 bit ADC for this application, we need to read the
temperature ______
So read Dout from ADC and convert it in temperature.
ADC Output Register (Dout),
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 00000010:01100110

Convert this value to Dout value as,

Dout =
For Example:

Dout =
Dout =
Dout =

Finally display it on LCD by representing this value as char and by separating the digits and
 ADC Calculations
If we select C8051F340 and program on chip 10 bit ADC for this application, we need to read the
temperature 30°C
So read Dout from ADC and convert it in temperature.
ADC Output Register (Dout),
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 00000010:01100110

Convert this value to Dout value as,

Dout = [((B1 of ADC0H)*29)+(B0 of ADC0H)*28))+ (ADC0L)]Hex

For Example:

Dout = [200+66] =(266)Hex

Dout = (HexToDecimal(Dout)) = (614)Dec
Dout = Dout/20.5 = (30)Dec = 30°C

Finally display it on LCD by representing this value as char and by separating the digits and adding the unit.
 ADC Calculations
If we select C8051F340 and program on chip 10 bit ADC for this application, we need to read the
temperature _________

So read Dout from ADC and convert it in temperature.

ADC Output Register (Dout),
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 00000010:11001101

Convert this value to Dout value as,

Dout =

For Example:

Dout =
Dout =
Dout =
Finally display it on LCD by representing this value as char and by separating the digits and adding the
 ADC Calculations
If we select C8051F340 and program on chip 10 bit ADC for this application, we need to read the
temperature 35°C
So read Dout from ADC and convert it in temperature.
ADC Output Register (Dout),
ADC0H:ADC0L= (Vin / Vref )*1024 = 00000010:11001101

Convert this value to Dout value as,

Dout = [((B1 of ADC0H)*29)+(B0 of ADC0H)*28))+ (ADC0L)]Hex

For Example:

Dout = [200+CD]=(2CD)Hex
Dout = (HexToDecimal(Dout)) = ( 717)Dec
Dout = Dout/20.5 = (35)Dec =35°C

Finally display it on LCD by representing this value as char and by separating the digits and adding the unit.
 Traffic Light Controller

■ Traffic lights are the devices that are placed on the intersection points and
employed to control the flow of traffic on the road.
■ Several attempts have been made to make traffic light’s sequence dynamic so
that these traffic lights operate according to the current volume of the traffic
(traffic density based)
■ Challenges:
• traffic density
• improving the safety
• improving efficiency of vehicles
• the limitation in altering the transportation infrastructure
• treats a emergency vehicles means priority to ambulance, fire brigade or V.I.P
vehicles.
 Case Study - Traffic Light Controller
Paper design for roadways and junction
Display
DAQ
Sensing or
Unit Hardwar
Applicati
e
on
Software

PHASE I-
•Initially Vehicle from A needs to travel to F and from E to B roads.
•So in the first Phase forward green signal in A and E permits vehicles to pass through while East
and west roads are stopped by red signal.

PHASE II-
•Phase II permits the vehicle to pass from G to D and from C to H roads.
•Traffic flow from rest of the two roads North and south was stopped by means of Red signal.
Paper design for roadways and
junction

PHASE III-
•Phase three permits traffic flow in the left directions from A to D and from E to H.
•Traffic flow in East and west are stopped by means of red signal.

PHASE IV-
•Phase four permits traffic flow from C to F and from G to B.
•Traffic flow in the North and south are stopped by means of red signal.
•The cycle repeats again from Phase I to Phase IV and thus the traffic is regulated.
 Approaches

■ Following a predetermined timing circuit (independently on timers)

■ Design sensor based signaling (sensors placed on, over, near, or even under,
the roadway)
■ A microcontroller/computer-controlled system
■ Image Processing
Sensors
• IR Transmitter and Receiver
• Weight sensors
• Wireless sensors
• Camera
Microcontroller Programming
• PORT
• Timer
• ADC
• Communication Protocols
Display
• 7-Segment Display
• LEDs

Note: Selection of sensors and microcontroller is depend on the design and the
best reference is the datasheet.
 Microcontroller Based Traffic Light
Controller System
Hardware Design Consideration

7-
Segment
Sensing Microcontroll Display
Unit er

Power
Supply

Software Design Consideration

• Algorithm
• Programming
• IDE
• Testing