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Research Methods 4

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4 views8 pages

Research Methods 4

u

Uploaded by

dannyabrams2001
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Statistical Data Analysis Tool

• Measures of Central Tendency


• Measures of central tendency assist us to describe the
extent to which the data collected hang together. Tools
developed for this purpose include the following:

 The Mode of a variable is that value which occurs most often


in the data for that variable.

 The Median for a variable is that value which has 50% of the
data above it and 50% below.
If there is an odd number of values (for example 13), then the
middle value (at No.7) after the data have been arranged in
ascending or descending order is the median.
If there is an even number of values (for example, 12), the
median is the midpoint between the two middle values
(value at No. 6 plus value at No. 7 divided by two) which
have 50 percent of the values above them and 50 percent
below them.

 The Mean of a variable is computed by adding the


values of the variable and then dividing the sum by the
number of cases. It is the mathematical average.
Mean =
• Measures of Variability
These measures assist us to capture the extent to which
the data collected are dispersed. They indicate, in other
words, how much variation there is in the values of the
variable in question.

 The Range: This is the highest value of the variable


minus the lowest value

 Variance and Standard Deviation: These are related


measures which express the degree of variation within a
variable on the basis of the average deviation from the
mean. The standard deviation is the square root of the
variance.
Variance

Standard deviation (

Measure of Relationship
It is usually the case that we want to establish, first, that
the relationships outlined by our data are significant
beyond statistical doubt and second, if there is a
significant relationship, how strong the relationship is.
This is what is called inferential analysis.
Inferential statistics are of two basic types.
Statistical Tests of Significance and Statistical Tests of
Association
Statistical Tests of Significance:
They help to answer the question: is there a significant
relationship between variables under consideration beyond
statistical doubt, or is there a significant difference in the
attributes of variables being compared?

A good test for significant relationship is the Chi-Square


Test of Independence.
This helps to establish beyond statistical doubt whether the
variables in question are independent of one another.
If they are, then there is no relationship. If they are not,
and they do relate, it establishes whether the relationship
is significant beyond statistical doubt
It is to be noted that, no matter the value of Chi-Square,
this test cannot establish how strong the relationship in
question is – it can only ascertain whether there is a
significant relationship.

Chi-Square
O = Observed frequency
E = Expected frequency
Statistical Tests of Association.
These tests help to answer the question: If there is a
significant relationship, how strong is that relationship?
An appropriate test is the Cramer’s V Test. This is a
derivative of the Chi-Square test in the sense that you must
first compute chi-square before you can compute Cramer’s
V.
Cramer’s V=

“m” is equal to either (r – 1) or (c – 1), depending on which


is less, and n is the number of cases.
Hypothesis
A guess or prediction of the eventual outcome of the research

Two types of hypotheses with which you should be familiar


are
the null hypothesis
and the alternate (or experimental) hypothesis.
The null hypothesis always predicts that there will be no
differences between the groups being studied.
The alternate hypothesis predicts that there will be a
difference between the groups.

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