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Pp Java - Copy

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birahanewandu2022
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CHAPTER [2]

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
[COS2182]
BASICS IN JAVA
PROGRAMMING

Mr.Yadera Alemu .wogasa


Identifiers
 You need to choose names for the things you
will refer to in your programs.
 Identifiers are used for naming such

programming entities as variables, constants,


methods, classes, and packages.
 The rules for naming identifiers:
 Can be a sequence of characters that consist

of letters, digits, underscores (_) and a


 Must start with a letter, an
underscore or dollar sign. It cannot
begin with a digit.
 Cannot be a reserved word. (See

list of java keywords in here)


 Cannot be ‘true’, ‘false’ or null

 Can be of any length.


Data Types
The Java language provides for eight primitive
types of data:
Variables

Variables are locations in memory
in which values can be stored.
They have a name, a type, and a

value.
 Java actually has three kinds of variables:
 instance variables,

 class variables, and

 local variables
 Instance variables: are used to define
attributes or the state for a particular
object.
 Class variables: are similar to instance

variables, except their values apply to all


that class’s instances
 Local variables: are declared and used

inside method definitions,


Declaring Variables
 To use any variable in a Java program, you
must first declare it.
 Variable declarations consist of a type and a

variable name.
 Syntax: datatype variableName;


Declaring Variables
 Example: a variable that stores an integer
representing the highest score on an exam
could be declared as follows:
Declaring Variables(continued)
 Other examples:
double Old_Price;
 double radius;

int qtty;

char grade;

int x;
Assignment Statements and
Expressions
 After a variable is declared, you
can assign a value to it by using
an assignment statement (=).
 The syntax as follows:

variableName = expression;
For Example: highScore = 98;
Where it is used?
 Expression – represents a computation involving values,
variables, and operators that evaluates to a value.
 For example:
 int x = 5; //assign 5 to a variable x
 double radius = 2.3; //assign 2.3 to a variable radius

 char a = ‘A’; //assign ‘A’ to a variable a


 x = 5 * (2/3) + 5; //assign the value of the

expression to x
 area = radius * radius * 3.142; //compute area
POP QUIZ

Statements
 A statement is a command that
causes something to happen.
 All statements in Java are separated

by semicolons ;
 Example:

System.out.println(“Hello, World”);
Introduction to Strings
 Strings consist of a series of characters inside
double quotation marks.
 Examples statements assign String variables:

String lemlem = "John Smith";


String dureti = "swordfish786";
 Strings are not one of the primitive data types.

 Strings are constant; their values cannot be

changed after they are created.


POP QUIZ
 What data types would you use to store the
following types of information?:
1)Population of Ethiopia
2)Approximation of π
3)Open/closed status of a file
4)Your name
5)First letter of your name
6)$237.66
What are
Operators?
 Operators are special symbols used for
 mathematical functions

 assignment statements

 logical comparisons

Examples:
 3 + 5 // uses + operator

 14 + 5 – 4 * (5 – 3) // uses +, -, * operators
The Operator Groups
There are 5 different groups of
operators:
 Arithmetic operators

 Assignment operator

 Increment/Decrement operators

 Relational operators

 Conditional operators
Arithmetic Operators
 Java has 6 basic arithmetic operators

+ add
- subtract
* multiply
/ divide
% modulo (remainder)
Order of operations (or precedence) when evaluating
an expression is the same as PEMDAS:
1. Parentheses

2. Exponents

3. Multiplication and Division from left to right

4. Addition and Subtraction from left to right


 Example: 10 + 15 / 5;

a) (10 + 15) / 5 = 5
b) 10 + (15 / 5) = 13
Reading Input from the Console
Enables the program to accept
input from the user.
Java uses:-
 System. out to refer to the standard output device.
 System.in to the standard input device.

 To perform console output, you simply use the

println method to or a string to the console. display


a primitive value
Integer Division Example
int i = 63;
int j = 35;
System.out.println(i / j);
Output: 1
double x = 63;
double y = 35;
System.out.println(x / y);
Ouput: 1.8
Assignment Operator
The basic assignment
operator (=) assigns the
value of var to expr:
var = expr ;
Examples:
x = x + 5; is
Increment/Decrement Operators

 count = count + 1;
can be written as:
++count; or count++;
++ is called the increment operator.
 count = count - 1;

can be written as:


--count; or count--;
-- is called the decrement operator.
The increment/decrement operator has two forms:

 The prefix form ++count, --count


first adds 1 to the variable and then
continues to any other operator in the
expression
int lemlem = 5;
int dureti = 10;
int masho;
masho= ++lemlem + duret;
Masho has value 16
 The postfix form count++, count–
first evaluates the expression and then adds 1 to the
variable
int lemlem = 5;
int dureti = 10;
int masho;
masho= lemlem++ + duret;
Masho has value 15
lemlem has value 6
Relational (Comparison) Operators
 Relational operators compare two values.
Examples of Relational Operations
int x = 3;
int y = 5;
boolean result;
1. result = (x > y); now result is assigned the value

false because 3 is not greater than 5


2. result = (15 == x*y); now result is assigned the
value true because the product of 3 and 5 equals
15
3. result = (x != x*y);
Conditional Operators
Conditional operators

 Can be referred to as boolean operators,


because they are only used to combine
expressions that have a value of true or
false.
Truth Table for Conditional Operators
Examples of Conditional Operators
POP QUIZ
What are Control Structures?
 Alter the flow of the program, the
sequence of statements that are executed
in a program.
 They act as "direction signals" to control

the path a program takes.


 Two types of control structures in Java:

 Decision Statements

 Loops
Decision Statements

 An allows the code to execute a


statement or block of statements
conditionally.
 Two types of decisions statements in Java:
 if statements
 switch statements
If Statement
if (expression) {
statement;
}
rest_of_program;
 Expression must evaluate to a boolean value, either true or
false
 • If expression is true, statement is executed and then
rest_of_program
 • If expression is false, statement is not executed and the
program continues at rest_of_program
If Statement Flow Diagram
If-Else Flow Diagram
Chained If-Else Statements
Switch Statements
The switch statement enables you to test several cases
generated by a given expression.
• For example:
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement1;
case value2:
statement2; ….
default:
default_statement;
This is how it is accomplished with a switch
Loops
 loop allows you to execute a statement or
block of statements repeatedly.
 • Three types of loops in Java:

 while loops

 for loops

 do-while loops (not discussed in this

course)
The while Loop
while (expression){
statement
}
 This while loop executes as long as the given
logical expression between parentheses is true.
 When expression is false, execution continues

with the statement following the loop block.


 The expression is tested at the beginning of the

loop, so if it is initially false, the loop will not be


executed at all
For example:
The for Loop
 for (init_expr; loop_condition; increment_expr)
{ statement; }
for loop appear in parentheses and is made up of three parts:
1. The first part, the init_expression, sets the initial
conditions for the loop and is executed before the loop
starts.
2. Loop executes so long as the loop_condition is true and
exits otherwise.
3. The third part of the control information, the
increment_expr, is usually used to increment the loop
counter. This is executed at the end of each loop iteration.
What will this for loop do?
THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY

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