WELCOME

TO THE
DEPARTME
NT OF
AGROFORE
STRY AND
ENVIRONM
ENTAL
SCIENCE
COURSE TITLE: AGROFORESTRY (PRACTICAL)
COURSE CODE: AFES 260
LEVEL - 2 SEMESTER – II, 2013

 COURSE CONTENT:
 Identification of MPTs and their Benefits in
Agroforestry
 Study on Silvan Features of Different MPTs
 Study on Root Prunning of swietenia mahogany
 Study on Tree Shoot Management in the crop
field
 Preparation of Nursery For Raising Sapling of
different tree Species
 Study of Tree Plantation Technique and After Care
 Determination of Biomass of Crop And Trees
Using Destructive Method
EXPERIMENT-01:IDENTIFICATION OF MPTS AND
THEIR BENEFITS IN AGROFORESTRY
 Agroforestry concept
 Definition of MPTs

 Benefits of MPTs

 Tree Parts For Identification of MPTs

 MPTs Slide Observation

 What is agroforestry?

Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use

systems and technologies where woody
perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.)
are deliberately used on the same land-
management units as agricultural crops and/or
animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or
temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems
there are both ecological and economical
interactions between the different components .
Today, the potential of agroforestry for soil
improvement and conservation is generally
accepted. Indeed, agroforestry is fast becoming
recognized as a landuse system which is capable
of yielding both wood and food while at the same
time conserving and rehabilitating ecosystems.
DEFINITION OF MPTS

 Farmers have been growing trees for different

purposes for thousands of years. Certainly, all
trees provide shade and protection from soil
erosion. In this sense, all trees can be said to
have at least two purposes. More precisely,
though, this manual uses the term
multipurpose tree species to mean:
 Tree species that are grown to provide more

than one significant crop of function or form.

These may include soil conservation, shade,
fuelwood, timber, fibre, fodder, food or
medicine.
 TREE SPECIES CAN BE MULTIPURPOSE IN TWO
WAYS:

 A single tree can yield more than one

crop. For example, farmers in Central
America and the Philippines grow Gliricidia
sepium as living fences that provide fuel,
fodder, and green manure for agricultural
crops — all at the same time.
 Trees of the same species, when
managed differently, can yield different
crops. In the Philippines, for example,
Leucaena leucocephala is managed so that
some trees will principally yield wood while
others principally produce leaf meal.
Why grow multipurpose trees?
Reducing risk of total crop failure

 Growing multurpose trees can reduce the risk of total crop failure. For
example, if farmers usually grow Leucaena leucocephala for animal fodder
and the tree's leaves are destroyed by pests, they will still have wood that can
be used for fuel, pulp, or light-weight construction material.
 Having a variety of plants on a farm, as in agroforestry systems, can also

reduce the risk of total crop failure. Evidence shows that combining several
types of plants provides a type of insurance. If the economic benefit of one
crop is reduced by pest damage or market failure, the farmer can make up for
it by harvesting another crop. Also, growing a variety of species makes the
farm less vulnerable to any one pest.
Income generation and distribution
 Agroforestry practices can increase farmers' annual income. Some increases

in revenue come from harvesting different tree crops in different seasons. For
example, in many Asian countries farmers use the leaves off Artocarpus
heterophyllus (jackfruit) as fodder during the driest season. The same trees
produce fruits providing income and food to the owner at other times. The
result is that income and employment are distributed more evenly throughout
the year.
BENEFITS OF
MPTS(FOOD,WATER,ENERGY,SHELTER,RAW,CASH,SAVINGS
1. Wind resistance (to use as a component in a windbreak)
2. Erosion control
3. Soil fertility improvement
4. Nitrogen fixation
5. Shade
6. Wildlife habitat
7. Mulch or green manure
8. Pest control
9. Animal fodder
10. Living fence
11. Fuel wood
12. Food (fruit/vegetables/root/shoot/oil)
13. Medicinal uses
14. Tannin/dyes/soaps/cosmetics
bee forage for honey
crafts, carving
timber
 What are the best multipurpose trees for agroforestry?
It is important to select the most suitable trees since it is not easy
to replace them once they have been planted. The following
factors should be kept in mind when selecting tree species.
 Environmental adaptation :A multipurpose tree must be able to
adapt to the area's climate, soil, topography, and plant and animal
life. This is especially important for exotic species, that is, species
introduced from outside the project area or from outside the
country.
 Needs of farmers : The species should meet the needs of farm
families. For this reason, it is important to involve farmers, both
men and women, in selecting species.. Planting stock of most fruit
trees, for example, are expensive.
 Ease of maintenance : Some species are more difficult to look
after than others. Farmers should consider beforehand how much
time they have to care for the trees
 Availability of genetic materials : Seeds or seedlings of the
species being considered must be easy to obtain. If vegetative
propagation is required, farmers should receive training in how to
do this.
TREE TERM FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE
MPTS
 GENERAL TERM

Leaf — a lateral outgrowth from the stem whose

primary function is the manufacturing of food
Twig -- a young woody stem to which leaves and
buds are attached, Woody stem less than one year
old.
Branch -- a thicker, older woody stem to which twigs
are attached, Woody stem more than one year old.
Trunk -- the main vertical stem of a tree, Main
support stem(s) of woody plants.
Fruit — the seed-bearing portion of a plant
Shoot – First year growth on a woody or herbaceous
plant.
 Woody plants have woody stems that generally
live for several years, adding new growth each
year.
 Deciduous plants shed all leaves at
approximately the same time annually.
 Evergreen plants retain some leaves longer than
one growing season so that leaves are present
throughout the year. Seasonal drop of some of the
oldest interior leaves is a natural part of the life
cycle.
 Semi-evergreen refers to plants that may retain
their leaves, depending on the winter temperature
and moisture.
 Broadleaf plants have a broad leaf blade (e.g.,
ash, maple, lilac, and beans).
 Narrowleaf plants have needle-like (e.g., pine,
spruce) or awl-like (e.g. junipers) leaves.
TREE FORMS
LEAF
Leaves
- lateral outgrowth of the stem
- flattened,expanded
- leaf primordia
- leaf buttress
Leaf Parts:
1. Petiole
- cylindrical part Sessile or apetiolated
- attaches blade to the
stem
2. Lamina or Blade Petiolated
- flattened green
part
 MONOCOT LEAF
 Supported by leaf
sheath
 Ligules and auricles

Functions:
1. protection from dirt
water
3. Stipule
- two leaflike flaps of the
petiole
- dicot leaves
a. Stipulate – w/ stipule
b. Exstipulate – without
4. Midrib
- central vein
5. Veins
- conducting tissue of the
leaf
6. Veinlets
- secondary veins
7. Margin
- edge of the leaf
Simple leaf
- one blade or lamina

Compound leaf
- blade is divided into two
or more leaflets or
(pinnae)
- petiolule
Rachis – continuation of
the petiole where the
leaflets are attached
 TYPES OF COMPOUND LEAVES
A. Pinnately Compound
- leaflets are arranged
laterally along the rachis
(featherlike fashion)
1. Simple Pinnate
a. Even pinnate
- each leaflet has a pair
b. Odd pinnate
- terminal leaflet has no
pair
2. Bipinnate
- primary rachis branches
into secondary rachis that
bears the leaflets

3. Tripinnate
- with primary, secondary
and tertiary rachises
B. Palmately Compound
- leaflets radiate from a
common point

1. Unifoliate
- single leaflet at the
tip of the stalk
2. Bifoliate
3. Trifoliate
4. quadrifoliate
PHYLLOTAXY
 PHYLLOTAXY
1. Alternate
- one leaf at each
node
2. Opposite
- two leaves opposite
each other at each
node
3. Whorled/ verticillate
- several leaves at
equal distance
around the node
LEAF VENATION
 2 SYSTEMS OF VENATION:
1. Reticulated/Netted
- main vein branches
- forms network

a. Pinnately netted
- main vein
- veins and veinlets
arise from the
midrib and ramify
throughout the lamina
b. Palmately netted
- principal veins arise at
one point at the base of
the leaf
2. Parallel/Striate Venation
- veins are parallel with the
midrib
- common in monocots

a. Radial Parallel
- parallel veins form
acute/right angles to
the midrib
 SPECIAL LEAF

Expanded leaf like

petiole
- for additional
photosynthesis
ex. Pomelo
Fleshy and succulent
leaves
- for storage
ex. Sabila
Insectivorous leaf
- for absorption
 OVERALL LEAF SHAPE
LEAF SHAPE IS A PRIMARY TOOL IN PLANT IDENTIFICATION.
SHAPE OF LEAF APEX AND BASE
CONTD.
LEAF MARGIN
 LEAF TYPES / LEAF VENATION

Conifer types
 Scale-like – Mature leaves common on

most junipers and arborvitae

 Awl-shaped – Juvenile leaves common

on some junipers
 Linear-shaped – Narrow flat needles of

spruce, fir, and yews

 Needle-like – In pine, the single, bundle,

or cluster of needles makes a rounded

shape
CONTD.
STEM
TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEMS

Plants have three types of root systems:

1.) taproot, with a main taproot that is larger
and grows faster than the branch roots;
2.) fibrous, with all roots about the same size;
3.) adventitious, roots that form on any plant
part other than the roots. Fibrous systems
are characteristic of grasses and are
shallower than the taproot systems found on
most eudicots and many gymnosperms.
PROP ROOT
STILT ROOT
BUTRESS ROOT
 FLOWERS

Flowers are the reproductive

structures of a flowering plant.
Flowers are the primary structures
used in grouping plant families.
PARTS OF A COMPLETE FLOWER
TERMS DEFINING FLOWER PARTS

Flowers
 Complete – Flower containing sepals, petals,

stamens, and pistil

 Incomplete – Flower lacking sepals, petals,

stamens, and/or pistils

 Perfect – Flowers containing male and

female parts
 Imperfect – Flowers that lack either male or

female parts
 Pistillate – Flowers containing only female

parts
 Staminate – Flowers containing only male

parts
PLANTS

 Hermaphroditic – Plants with perfect

flowers (apples, tulips)
 Monoecious -Plants with separate male

flowers and female flowers on the same plant

(corn, squash, and pine)
 Dioecious -Plants with male flowers and

female flowers on separate plants (maple,

holly, and salt brush)
 Gynoecious – Plants with only female
flowers
 Andromonoecious – Plants with only male

flowers
 FRUIT

Fruit evolves from the maturing ovary

following pollination and fertilization.
Fruits can be either fleshy or dry. They
contain one or more seeds.
KINDS OF FRUITS
 A. Simple fruits - derived from a single ovary
 1. Fleshy fruits - all or most of the pericarp is soft
and fleshy at maturity (grape, peach, olive, cherry)
 2. Dry fruits - pericarp becomes dry and often hard
at maturity (pea, bean, milkweed, lily, corn, wheat,
oats)
 B. Compound fruits - formed from numerous carpels
of one flower
 1. Aggregate fruits - separate carpels of one flower
stay together; a cluster of several ripened ovaries
produced by ONE flower (strawberry, raspberry)
 2. Multiple fruits - all the fruits from a flower stay
together; a cluster of several ripened ovaries
produced by SEVERAL flowers (mulberry, pineapple)
 3. Accessory fruits - one or more ripened ovaries
with tissues from some other floral part; tissue in
which the "true fruit" is embedded (stem and calyx
[sepals] of strawberries, apples, and pears)
TYPES OF FRUIT
TYPES OF FRUIT
 Berry — a simple, fleshy fruit, with seeds embedded in
a pulpy mass (persimmon)
 Drupe — a one-seeded, fleshy fruit with the seed
inclosed in a stony wall (cherry, sugarberry, holly)
 Capsule — a dry fruit which splits open into two or
more parts at maturity (sourwood)
 Legume — a dry fruit with two seams in the outer wall
(black locust)
 Nut — a hard-shelled, dry fruit, sometimes with a outer
covering or husk (hickory, oak acorn, black walnut)
 Pome — a fleshy fruit, with seeds incased by a papery
wall (apple)
 Nutlet — a small nut
 Samara — a winged, one-cell, one-seeded, dry fruit
(elm; double samara — maple)
FRUIT TYPES
 CLIMACTERIC & NON-CLIMACTERIC
FRUITS

Fleshy fruits are divided in two main categories,

climacteric and non-climacteric, depending on
whether ripening is controlled by the phytohormone
ethylene or not.
 Climacteric fruit, such as tomato, apple, pear, and
melon are characterized by a ripening-associated
increase in respiration and in ethylene production,
the phytohormone ethylene being the major trigger
and coordinator of the ripening process.
 Non-climacteric fruits, such as grape, orange and
pineapple, are characterized by the lack of ethylene-
associated respiratory peak and the signaling
pathways that drive the ripening process remain
elusive.
DEHISCENT INDEHISCENT
 SEED

A seed (mature ovule) is a miniature

plant with a protective cover in a
suspended state of development. Most
seeds contain a built-in food supply
called endosperm (orchid is an
exception). The endosperm can be made
up of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats.
 SPECIAL TERM ON SEED

 Recalcitrant seeds are seeds that do not survive

drying and freezing during ex-situ conservation.
Moreover, these seeds cannot resist the effects of
drying or temperatures less than 10° C; thus, they
cannot be stored for long periods like orthodox seeds
because they can lose their viability. Plants that
produce recalcitrant seeds include avocado, mango,
lychee, cocoa, rubber tree .

 Orthodox seeds are seeds which will survive drying

and/or freezing during ex-situ conservation.The ability
of orthodox seeds to undergo maturation drying and
withstand lowered temperatures has enabled humans
to store this type of seed and, in fact seed storage can
be considered as ancient as agriculture itself. Orthodox
seeds include most grain and legume types.