Unit 2 Complex numbers;

• Defining complex numbers (real and imaginary),

• Complex number Arithmetic: Argand diagram, addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, complex equations, polar form representation,
• De Moivre’s theorem -power and roots of complex numbers
• Application in AC theory and mechanical vector analysis,
• Bird
 Learning Outcomes
When this chapter is completed the student will be able to
• Represent complex number in rectangular coordinates, in polar form and
exponential(the Euler Theorem).
• Perform complex number arithmetic: addition, subtraction and multiplication
• Calculate roots and powers of complex number using DeMoivre’s Theorem
• Demonstrate trigonometric identities of multiple angles using complex
numbers.
• Obtain logarithm (ln(z))and powers ( of complex numbers
• To use complex number to analyze electrical alternating current and
mechanical vectors.
 Introduction
• This chapter looks at complex numbers, their representation on the
rectangular axes called the Argand diagram, in polar form and exponential
form called the Euler Theorem. This is followed by the arithmetic
operations on complex number which include addition subtraction,
multiplication and division.
• The chapter also looks at how use complex numbers to analyze electrical
alternating current circuits and mechanical vector analysis. The chapter
closes by solving equations of complex numbers, powers and roots of
complex numbers using De Moivre’s theorem.
 2.1 Defining Complex Number
• Defined as a number, z of the form a where a and b are real numbers and
i or j =. a is called the real part and b is the imaginary part.
• Can be plotted on the cartesian plane or axes, the plot is called argand
diagram(complex plane)
• The Argand diagram
• Polar coordinates(r<θ)
z=r<θ where r= Im(z)
y

Called the modulus or magnitude r

θ
called the argument x
• In trigonometric form/Polar form Re(z)

z=r(cosθ+jsinθ)
• Range of values of arg(z)
 Defining complex number cont’d-
• Exponential Form: Theorems of Euler and De Moivre
From the Maclaurin expansion series of the exponential function putting x =jθ we
have
…….
=[1-…]
=cos +jsin
The expression =cos +jsin is called Euler’s Theorem /Euler’s identity
De Moivre’s Theorem
Multiply by r z=r

The left from Euler simplifies to

Thus the right hand side =
=
 Summary definition
• Cartesian form x+yj 5+6j
Trigonometric R(cosθ+jsinθ) 8(cos
form/Polar form
Polar form R<θ R<
Exponential form R Z=6
 Complex conjugate
• The complex conjugate, or just conjugate of x +iy is the complex number x −iy with the
sign of the imaginary part reversed. Denote the conjugate of z as .
• Conjugation (the operation of taking a conjugate) and magnitude have the following properties .

•
• w

Inequalities for complex number

If z and w are complex numbers then
1. and
2. the triangle inequality

3. or
 Research work
1. Show that if and only if z is real or pure imaginary.
2. Let z and w be complex numbers with w prove that
=1
3. Show that for any complex numbers z and w
 2.2 Operations on Complex Numbers
• Addition and Subtraction: Add or subtract Like terms to each other (a+bj)
and (c +dj) i.e real numbers together and imaginary parts
result a+c j(b+d)
Examples: Evaluate (i) (iii) 3-j5
Find (b)
• Multiplication and Division:
Conjugate complex of a complex number- is one with imaginary part being
negative of the imaginary part of the complex number.
Given complex number = a +bj its conjugate complex a-bj
• Division: For the result to be in the form Z= a the denominator is multiplied
by its conjugate complex number.
 Examples on multiplication and division
1. If determine in the form a +jb
(a) (b) = (c) (d)
• Solving Complex Equation: Approach-Two complex numbers are equal if
and only if their real parts and their imaginary parts are correspondingly
equal
• a+jb = c +jd
• Implies a=c and b= d
Example: Solve the equations for the unknowns (a) 2-j3 =
(b) (x-j2)+(y-j3x) =2 +j3 (c) (d) The impedance Z in an electrical circuit is
given by Z= R+jωL +
Express the impedance Z in the form a+jb when R= 10, L=5 and C=0.04 and
ω=4
 2.3 Polar form of the complex number
• Multiplication and Division in polar form
• If

Example
1. Convert polar complex numbers into (a+jb) form correct to 4s.f
(a) =5cos30+j5sin30 (b) 3< =3cos60 +j3sin60
2. Evaluate in polar form
(b) 3<=45<(20+45) (b) 2.4 <=
3. Evaluate in polar form
(a) 4< (b) 2<-
 Example
1. Convert polar complex numbers into (a+jb) form correct to 4s.f
(a) (b) 3<
2. Evaluate in polar form
(b) 3< (b) 2.4 <
3. Evaluate in polar form
(c) 4< (b) 2<-
4. State in the form a +jb
 2.4 De Moivre’s Theorem
Powers
A. De Moivre’s Theorem states that
Implies
• The theorem is valid for positive , negative and fractional powers.
Example 1. Determine in polar form a. b.
2. Determine in polar and cartesian form a. b.
 Roots of a complex number
Is to find the root of a complex number –fractional powers.
The number of roots equal to n
The roots are separated by around the argand diagram
1. The magnitude of each root = and first argument =ϴ/n
n=2 has 2 roots separated by 36/2 =18
n=3 has 3 roots separated by 363 =1
Steps 1 Convert complex into polar form
2. Apply De Moivre’s Theorem to find magnitude= and first argument =ϴ/n
3. Find separation = and find the arguments of the other roots.
4. Express answer in polar or cartesian form
: Is to find the root of where m and n are positive integers with no common
factors,
• Evaluate using de Moivre
• Apply the root
 Example Solve the cubic equation =0
1. Write the complex number 8j in exponential form with 2πn added to the
argument where n is positive integer to give all possible values of the arguments.

NB 360(2π) added to argument does not change the value of the complex
number.
8j=
2. z=
3. Roots of equation are obtained by setting n =0, 1 and 2
n=0 z=2 n=1 z= 2 n=2 z=
4. In trig form/cartesian
Z= 2(cos +jsin ) or 2(cos +jsin
z=1.732+j or -1.732+j or -2j
 Practice Questions
1.Determine the moduli and arguments of the complex roots
a. answer 1.710,
b. answer 1.223,
c. answer 0.342,
2. Ass 1 Express the roots in polar form of (14 +j3
3. in both cartesian and polar forms the value of correct to 2 decimal
places
 Complex power
• where z.
• By definition and theory of logarithms/natural logarithms when a and b are
real numbers
Take natural log on : ln()=x (the power to which the base is raised to
give that number)
simplify blna =x
Write in powers/exponents =
Similarly = and has many values
• Example Compute all values of
=
Change 1-j into exponential form/polar : modulus r=, arg=-π/4 or 2π-π/4=7π/4
gives
Ln(1-j)=ln[]=ln )
 Example cont’d
• Therefore ==
=.
=
= cos()+jsin()]
= [cos
But cos2πn=1 and sin2πn=0 for all integer n this gives
= cos ]
 Practice Questions
Determine all values of the following.
1. (1+ 2. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
 Use De Moivre to find Trig Identities for cosnθ or Sinnθ
• Example Find expressions for cos3θ and sin3θ
From de Moivre cos3θ +jsin3θ =, expand the right hand side
=(
=
=
=
=
Take real :Cos3θ=
Take imaginary :sin3θ=
 Practice Questions
(a) Expand cos4θ in powers of sinθ and cosθ
(b) Express of cosines multiples of θ .
(c) Solve the equation .
(d) Find the fifth root of -1 and express answers in polar form.
(e) Determine the roots of the equation
a and b are real numbers
(f) Express the form a +jb assign augdec2022
(g). Obtain the expansion of sin7θ in terms of powers of sinθ
(h) Express as a series ries of terms which are cosines of angles that are
multiples of x
(i) Determine the equations of the loci (a)
 The complex funs
• A complex function is a function that acts on complex numbers and produces
complex numbers. For example, f (z) =
• If f is a complex function and z =x +iy, then we can always write
f (z)= f (x +iy)=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
where u and v are real-valued functions of two real variables:
• u(x, y)= Re( f (z)) and v(x, y)=Im( f (z)).
f (z)= = − +2i xy =u(x, y)+iv(x, y).
• For this functión, u(x, y)= − and v(x, y)=2xy.
 Complex Exponential function
• The complex exponential function f(z)= is defined for all z =x +jy by
= cos(y)+j sin(y).
• f(iy) = = cos(y) + j sin(y) is just Euler’s equation.
• The functions u(x, y) = cos(y) and v(x, y)= sin(y) are continuous with
continuous first partial derivatives, which satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations. Therefore, is differentiable for all z.
• NB students to research on Cauchy-Riemann Equations
• Summary Properties of complex expontial
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. if t is real then (conjugate form)
 Complex trigonometric function
• The complex functions are cos(z) and sin(z)
• Cos(z)= =
=
Collecting real and imaginary parts
cos(z)=cos(x) cosh(y)−j sin(x) sinh(y)
And similarly
Sin(z)=
• sin(z)=sin(x) cosh(y)+i cos(x) sinh(y),
• And sin(2z)=2sin(z)cos(z)
• From the right hand side2sin(z)cos(z)=2x==sin(2z)
• Task Prove that a similar relation exist
 Summary properties
1. sin(z)=0 if and only if z =nπ for some integer n.
2. cos(z)=0 if and only if z =(2n +1)π/2 for some integer n.
3. cos(z) and sin(z) are periodic with periods 2nπ for every nonzero integer n.
Practice Questions
1. Write in the form a+jb
(a) sin(1-4j) (b) cos(3+2j) (c) tan(3j) (d) cot(1- (f) cos(2-j)-sin(2-j) assign augdec2022
2. Determine u and v and Show that u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations in each of
the following.
(a) =u(x, y)+iv(x, y). (b) =u(x, y)+iv(x, y). (c) z =u(x, y)+iv(x, y).
(d) Ass 1 (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
3. Find all solutions of each of the following
(a) =2i . (b) =−2. (c) ass 1 sin(z)=i . (d)
4. Derive the following identities. (a) sin(z +w)=sin(z) cos(w)+cos(z) sin(w). Assign augdec2022
(b) cos(z +w)=cos(z) cos(w)−sin(z) sin(w).
5. Find the equations defined by (a) =3 (b)arg(z+2)= assign aug dec2022
 Complex natural logarithm fn
• The natural logarithm is the inverse of the exponential function. For x >0,
y =ln(x) if and only if x =
• To do this, put z in polar form as z =r=r where n is any integer.
• Taking logs log(z)=ln(r
=
in which θ is any argument of z and n can be any integer. The complex log is not a
function in the conventional sense because each nonzero z has infinitely many
different complex logarithms
Practice Questions
In each of Problems 1 through 5, determine all values of
the complex logarithm of z.
1. −4i 2. 2−2i 3. −5 4. 1+5i 5. −9+2i
 2.5 Application of complex numbers
a. Electrical a.c theory b. 2d mechanical vector analysis
• BASIC ELECTRICAL AC THEORY
The current, i and voltage v inputs are sinusoidal Hence i=
NB: The sine waveform is taken as the reference input.
• BASIC RESPONSES 1. Resistor R
From ohm’s law If i= . Hence from the two equations the current and voltage
across resistor are in phase.
• E.g Find the sinusoidal expression for the current if the resistor is 10Ω. Sketch
the curves for v and i. a. v = 100 sin 377t b. v = 25 sin(377t + 60°)
• Answer Current a. i=.
b. i=
 Basic response - Inductor
• From electrical principles -If
• The voltage equation where ωL=
• For inductor leads by or I lags v by hence its value j called phasor diagram in
electrical principles
• E.g. The current through a 0.1-H coil is provided. Find the sinusoidal expression
for the voltage across the coil. Sketch the v and i curves. a. i = 10 sin 377t
b. i = 7 sin(377t - 70°).
Answer a. Differentiate to give v=L Find
b. hence
v
 Basic Response- Capacitor
• Current in capacitor i given v=
• is called capacitive reactance and
• So for a pure capacitor, VC “lags” IC by 90o, or we can say that
• That puts axis on the complex plane i being on reference horizontal axis.
• E.g. The voltage across a 1-µF capacitor is provided below. What is the
sinusoidal expression for the current? Sketch the v and i curves. v= 30 sin
400t
• Answer Perform differentiation or Find
• I leads v by Equation is
 Connections in complex form
• Circuit components: 1. Resistor = real part = R 2. Capacitor, C –negative imaginary part=-
j 3. Inductor, L = positive imaginary part =j
• V= = R-L connection (a)
• V= = R-C connection (b)
• Then the impedance, Z-combined resistance
of resistor and reactance Z=R and
Z = R-j where (capacitive reactance)
=and –inductive
reactances act as the imaginary parts.
• Impedance line 1:
• Impedance line 2:
• Impedance line 3:
• All the three can be changed to polar form: Z<θ
• The total impedance for line 1 and 2: parallel
 Connections in complex form
• Impedance for line 1, 2 and 3 : parallel connection

Use polar for multiplication and rectangular form addition and subtraction.
Sinusoidal ac in complex form
• Ac input is given as . This in polar form is Or (<Ø) where

• The input sine wave (sinωt) is always the reference. i.e zero phase angle mark.
• The polar form of the ac input is written for inputs with the same
frequency:Phasor algebra for sinusoidal quantities is applicable only for
waveforms having the same frequency.
 Examples
1.Convert the following into polar form

Ac time domain Phasor Domain/Polar Phasor domain –Peak

form- RMS values Values
sinωt (50<
69.6sin(ωt+

45 cosωt=45sin(wt+90) 45

• 45cosωt = 45sin(ωt+90). Sine and cos waveforms are 90 deg apart

2. Write the sinusoidal expression for the following phasors if the frequency is 60 Hz: a. i= 10< b. v=115<-
Answer a.

b.
 Example 3
Find the expression of the input voltage of the circuit if va = 50 sin(377t +30°)
and vb = 30 sin(377t + 60°) and frequency is 60 Hz
Answer For series connection of voltage: v=va +vb
• Write in polar form using peak values va=50<
• For addition convert into rectangular/catesian form
va=50<=50(cos30 +jsin30)=43.30+25j

• V=Va+vb= 43.30+25j + =58.30+50.98j

Peak value
Phase angle=
• In polar the total input V=77.446<
Expression v=77.446sin(120πt+
 Example 4
• The total current supplied to a components connected in parallel is as shown. Use
complex algebra to find
• Answer

=120sin(ωt+
Write in polar form

It

• For subtraction write in rectangular form

I1=
=120(cos60+jsin60)-80(cos0+jsin0)=60+103.92j-80+0j=-20+103.92j 80
• Peak value
Phase angle(locate complex on plane to get exact)
Expr
 2.6 Further Problems
1. An alternating voltage of 240V, 50Hz is connected across an impedance of (60-
j100)Ω.Using complex algebra, Determine (a) the resistance (b) the capacitance (c) the
magnitude of the impedance and its phase angle and (d) the current flowing and phase.
2. For the parallel circuit shown, determine the
value of current I, and its phase relative to the
240V supply, using complex algebra.
Answer 82.32A<-15.2
3.Determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant of the three coplanar forces given
Below when they act at a point.
Force A 10N acting from the positive
horizontal axis.
Force B 8N acting at 12from the positive horizontal axis.
Force C 15N acting at 21from positive horizontal axis
 Further Problems
4. Determine the resistance R and series inductance L or capacitance C for each
of the following impedances assuming the frequency to be 50Hz.
(a) (3 +j8)Ω (b) (2-j3)Ω (c) j14 Ω
5. Two impedances and are connected in series to a supply voltage of peak
value of 120V.Using complex number algebra (i) determine the magnitude of
the peak current and its phase angle relative to the voltage (15.76A, 23.2).
(ii) Calculate in polar and rectangular form the voltages across each impedance.
(iii)Write the sinusoidal expressions of the voltages in (ii) above given that
frequency is 50Hz
6. An aircraft P flying at a constant height has a velocity of 400+j300)km/h.
Another aircraft Q at the same height has a velocity of (200-j600) km/h.
Determine (a) the velocity of P relative to Q. and (b) the velocity of Q relative to
P. Express the answers in polar form correct to the nearest km/h
Answer (a) 922km/h at 77.4 (b) 922km/h at -102.5
 Further problems
7. Determine the resultant force in the form X +Yj, the magnitude and angle it makes
with positive x-axis

8.Ass 1 Th hydraulic cylinder BD in fig (c) exerts a force on member ABC, a force P
directed along BD. Knowing that the force P perpendicular to ABC is 750N, determine (i)
the magnitude of the force P and express in polar form (ii) its component parallel to
ABC (iii) State the magnitude of reaction at D and express the force in the form X+Yj
 Further Problems
9. For the currents shown, find the sinusoidal expression for the
Current

10. For the system of voltages shown find the

Expression of unknown voltage given that
and
11.Express the following in phasor form/polar form:
a. (100) sin(ωt + 30°)
b. (0.25) sin(157t + 40°)
c. 100 sin(ωt - 90°)
d. 42 sin(377t + 0°)
e. 6 cos ωt
f. 3.6 cos(754t -20°)
Question 12. For network shown, determine using complex
number algebra (i) The source voltage, The currents
Question 13 In the figure is a resistor connected to a supply volt
e=30sin(377t+(i) What is the sinusoidal expression for
current? (ii) How long in seconds does it take the current
to complete six cycles.
Question 14 In the figure is an inductor
Connected to supply voltage,
e=100sin(157t+

(i) Find sinusoidal expression for i, and the value of inductance L