Basics of Python

and
Numpy
 Introduction
⮚ Python is an 1) interpreted, 2) interactive,
3) object-oriented, and 4) high-level
programming language.
⮚ Python was developed by Guido van Rossum
in 1991.

⮚ Python Features
⮚ Easy-to-learn
⮚ Easy-to-read
⮚ A broad standard library
⮚ Databases
⮚ GUI Programming
 Introduction
⮚ Python Comments : #
⮚ Help in Python: help(topic)
⮚ If no argument is given, the interactive help
system starts on the interpreter console. If the
argument is a string, then the string is looked
up as the name of a 1) module, 2) function, 3)
class, 4) method, 5) keyword, or 6)
documentation topic, and a help page is printed
on the console.
 Printing in Python
⮚ Syntax: print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout,
flush=False)

⮚ print("Hello World") #Hello World

⮚ a=5

⮚ b=2

⮚ print(a) #5

⮚ print(a, b) #52

⮚ print(a) #5

⮚ print(“Value of a =“, a)

⮚ print (“Value of b =“, b)

 Standard Data Types
⮚ Python has five standard data types −

⮚ Numbers

⮚ String

⮚ List

⮚ Tuple

⮚ Dictionary
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Numbers
⮚ int
⮚ All integers in Python3 are represented as long integers.
Hence there is no separate number type as long.

⮚ Integers in Python 3 are of unlimited size.

⮚ float

⮚ complex
⮚ A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real
floating-point numbers denoted by x + yj, where x and y are
the real numbers and j is the imaginary unit.
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Numbers
⮚ Examples

int float complex

10 0.0 3.14j
100 15.20 45.j
-786 -21.9 9.322e1-36j
0o70 32.3e18 .876j
-0o470 -90. -.6545+0J
-0x260 -32.54e100 3e1+26J
0x69 70.2E-12 4.53e1-7j
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Strings
⮚ Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set
of characters represented in the quotation
marks.

⮚ Python allows for pairs of either single quotes or

double quotes.

⮚ Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice

operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the
beginning of the string.

⮚ The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation

operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition
operator.

⮚ Trying to access elements beyond the length of the

string results in an error.
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Strings
⮚ str = 'Hello World!'

⮚ print (str) # Prints complete string

⮚ print (str[0]) # Prints first character of the
string
⮚ print (str[2:5]) # Prints characters starting from
3rd to 5th
⮚ print (str[2:]) # Prints string starting from 3rd
character
⮚ print (str * 2) # Prints string two times
⮚ print (str + "TEST") # Prints concatenated string

⮚ This will produce the following result −

⮚ Hello World!
⮚ H
⮚ llo
⮚ llo World!
⮚ Hello World!Hello World!
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Strings
⮚ str = 'Hello World!'

⮚ print (str[-1])
⮚ print (str[-3:-1])
⮚ print (str[-12:])

⮚ This will produce the following result −

⮚ !
⮚ ld
⮚ Hello World!
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Strings
⮚ Python strings cannot be changed — they are
immutable.

⮚ Therefore, assigning to an indexed position in the

string results in an error
⮚ I.e. str[0] = ‘J’ results in an error. However, str=“welcome”
works.
 Standard Data Types
⮚ List
⮚ A list contains items separated by commas and enclosed
within square brackets ([]).

⮚ To some extent, lists are similar to arrays in C. One

difference between them is that all the items belonging to
a list can be of different data type.

⮚ The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice

operator ([ ] and [:]) with indexes starting at 0 in the
beginning of the list and working their way from -1 at the
end.

⮚ The plus (+) sign is the list concatenation operator, and

the asterisk (*) is the repetition operator.

⮚ Unlike strings, which are immutable, lists are a mutable

type, i.e. it is possible to change their content.

⮚ Trying to access/assign elements beyond the length of the

 Standard Data Types
⮚ List
⮚ list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]
⮚ tinylist = [123, 'john']

⮚ print (list) # Prints complete list

⮚ print (list[0]) # Prints first element of the list
⮚ print (list[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till
3rd
⮚ print (list[2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd
element
⮚ print (tinylist * 2) # Prints list two times
⮚ print (list + tinylist) # Prints concatenated lists

⮚ This produce the following result −

⮚ ['abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2]
⮚ abcd
⮚ [786, 2.23]
⮚ [2.23, 'john', 70.2]
⮚ [123, 'john', 123, 'john']
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Tuples
⮚ A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to
the list.

⮚ A tuple consists of a number of values separated by

commas.

⮚ Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within

parentheses.

⮚ The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists

are enclosed in brackets ( [ ] ) and their elements and size
can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses
( ( ) ) and cannot be updated.

⮚ Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists/immutable

lists.
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Tuples
⮚ tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
⮚ tinytuple = (123, 'john')

⮚ print (tuple) # Prints complete tuple

⮚ print (tuple[0]) # Prints first element of the tuple
⮚ print (tuple[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from
2nd till 3rd
⮚ print (tuple[2:]) # Prints elements starting from
3rd element
⮚ print (tinytuple * 2) # Prints tuple two times
⮚ print (tuple + tinytuple) # Prints concatenated tuple

⮚ This produce the following result −

⮚ ('abcd', 786, 2.23, 'john', 70.2)
⮚ abcd
⮚ (786, 2.23)
⮚ (2.23, 'john', 70.2)
⮚ (123, 'john', 123, 'john')
 Standard Data Types
⮚ Tuples
⮚ tuple = ( 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )

⮚ list = [ 'abcd', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 ]

⮚ tuple[2] = 1000 # Invalid syntax with tuple

⮚ list[2] = 1000 # Valid syntax with list

 Standard Data Types
⮚ Dictionary
⮚ Dictionaries consist of key-value pairs.

⮚ A dictionary key can be almost any Python type, but are

usually numbers or strings.

⮚ Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python

object.

⮚ Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ }) and values

can be assigned and accessed using square braces ([]).

⮚ Dictionaries have no concept of order among elements.

⮚ It is incorrect to say that the elements are "out of order";

they are simply unordered.

⮚ Dictionaries are mutable.

 Standard Data Types
⮚ Dictionary
⮚ dict = {}
⮚ dict['one'] = "This is one"
⮚ dict[2] = "This is two"
⮚ tinydict = {'name': 'john','code':6734, 'dept': 'sales'}

⮚ print (dict['one']) # Prints value for 'one' key

⮚ print (dict[2]) # Prints value for 2 key
⮚ print (tinydict) # Prints complete dictionary
⮚ print (tinydict.keys()) # Prints all the keys
⮚ print (tinydict.values()) # Prints all the values
⮚ This produce the following result −
⮚ This is one
⮚ This is two
⮚ {'dept': 'sales', 'code': 6734, 'name': 'john'}
⮚ ['dept', 'code', 'name']
⮚ ['sales', 6734, 'john']
 Input Statement
⮚ a=input(“Enter a:”)

⮚ a=int(input(“Enter a:”));

⮚ a=eval(input("Enter three values:"))

⮚ a, b, c=eval(input(“Enter a, b, c:”))
 Matrices
⮚ a=[
[1,2,3],
[4,5,6]
]

⮚ a[0], a[1], a[0][0], a[0][2], a[1][2]

Note: Not Recommended as the len will be 2.

 Basic Operators
⮚ Types of Operator

⮚ Arithmetic Operators

⮚ Comparison (Relational) Operators

⮚ Assignment Operators

⮚ Logical Operators

⮚ Bitwise Operators

⮚ Membership Operators

⮚ Identity Operators
 Basic Operators
⮚ Arithmetic Operators
⮚ Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 21,
then −
Operator Description Example
+ Addition Adds values on either side of the a + b = 31
operator.
- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left a – b = -11
hand operand.
* Multiplies values on either side of the a * b = 210
Multiplication operator
/ Division Divides left hand operand by right b / a = 2.1
hand operand
% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right b%a=1
hand operand and returns remainder
** Exponent Performs exponential (power) a**b =10 to
calculation on operators the power 21
// Floor Division - The division of 9//2 = 4 and
operands where the result is the 9.0//2.0 = 4.0
quotient in which the digits after the
decimal point are removed. But if one
of the operands is negative, the result
is floored, i.e., rounded away from zero
(towards negative infinity):
 Basic Operators
⮚ Comparison Operators
⮚ Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20,
then-
Operator Description Example
== If the values of two operands are (a == b) is not
equal, then the condition becomes true.
true.
!= If values of two operands are not (a!= b) is true.
equal, then condition becomes true.
> If the value of left operand is greater (a > b) is not
than the value of right operand, then true.
condition becomes true.
< If the value of left operand is less (a < b) is true.
than the value of right operand, then
condition becomes true.
>= If the value of left operand is greater (a >= b) is not
than or equal to the value of right true.
operand, then condition becomes
true.
<= If the value of left operand is less (a <= b) is true.
than or equal to the value of right
 Basic Operators
⮚ Assignment Operators
⮚ Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20,
then-
Operat Description Example
or
= Assigns values from right side operands c = a + b assigns
to left side operand value of a + b into
c
+= It adds right operand to the left c += a is equivalent
operand and assign the result to left to c = c + a
operand
-= It subtracts right operand from the left c -= a is equivalent
operand and assign the result to left to c = c - a
operand
*= It multiplies right operand with the left c *= a is equivalent
operand and assign the result to left to c = c * a
operand
/= It divides left operand with the right c /= a is equivalent
operand and assign the result to left to c = c / a
operand
%= It takes modulus using two operands c %= a is
and assign the result to left operand equivalent to c = c
 Basic Operators
⮚ Bitwise Operators
⮚ Assume a = 60 = 0011 1100 and b = 13 = 0000
1101, then- Description
Operato Example
r
& Operator copies a bit to the (a & b) (means 0000
result if it exists in both 1100)
operands
| It copies a bit if it exists in (a | b) = 61 (means
either operand. 0011 1101)
^ It copies the bit if it is set in (a ^ b) = 49 (means
one operand but not both. 0011 0001)
~ It is unary and has the effect (~a ) = -61 (means
of 'flipping' bits. 1100 0011 in 2's
complement form due
to a signed binary
number.
<< The left operands value is a << = 2 (means 1111
moved left by the number of 0000)
bits specified by the right
operand.
 Basic Operators
⮚ Logical Operators
⮚ Assume a = True (Case Sensitive) and b = False
(Case Sensitive), then-

Operat Description Example

or
and If both the operands are (a and b) is False.
true then condition
becomes true.
or If any of the two operands (a or b) is True.
are non-zero then
condition becomes true.
not Used to reverse the logical Not(a and b) is True.
state of its operand.
 Basic Operators
⮚ Membership Operators
⮚ Python’s membership operators test for
membership in a sequence, such as strings,
lists, or tuples.

⮚ There are two membership operators as explained

below
Operato Description Example
r
in Evaluates to true if it finds x in y, here “in” results
a variable in the specified in a 1 if x is a member of
sequence and false sequence y.
otherwise.
not in Evaluates to true if it does x not in y, here “not in”
not finds a variable in the results in a 1 if x is not a
specified sequence and member of sequence y.
false otherwise.
 Basic Operators
⮚ Identity Operators
⮚ Identity operators compare the memory locations of
two objects.
⮚ There are two Identity operators explained below:

Operato Description Example

r
is Evaluates to true if the x is y, here ”is” results
variables on either side of in 1 if id(x) equals id(y).
the operator point to the
same object and false
otherwise.

is not Evaluates to false if the x is not y, here ”is

variables on either side of not” results in 1 if id(x)
the operator point to the is not equal to id(y).
same object and true
otherwise.
 Basic Operators
⮚ Python Operator Precedence
⮚ Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~+- Complement, unary plus and minus

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

<= < > >= Comparison operators

<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= -= += *= Assignment operators
**=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
 Decision Making
⮚ Simple if
if expression:
statement(s)
var1 = 100
if var1:
print ("1 - Got a true expression value")
print (var1)
var2 = 0
if var2:
print ("2 - Got a true expression value")
print (var2)
print ("Good bye!")

Output:
1 - Got a true expression value
100
Good bye!
 Decision Making
⮚ if else
if expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

amount=int(input(“Enter amount: “))

if amount<1000:
discount=amount*0.05
print ("Discount",discount)
else:
discount=amount*0.10
print ("Discount",discount)

print ("Net payable:",amount-discount)

 Decision Making
⮚ if else
Output:
Enter amount: 600
Discount 30.0
Net payable: 570.0

Enter amount: 1200

Discount 120.0
Net payable: 1080.0
 Decision Making
⮚ elif Statement
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
 Decision Making
⮚ elif Statement
amount=int(input("Enter amount: "))
if amount<1000:
discount=amount*0.05
print ("Discount",discount)
elif amount<5000:
discount=amount*0.10
print ("Discount",discount)
else:
discount=amount*0.15
print ("Discount",discount)

print ("Net payable:",amount-discount)

 Decision Making
⮚ elif Statement

Output:
Enter amount: 600
Discount 30.0
Net payable: 570.0

Enter amount: 3000

Discount 300.0
Net payable: 2700.0

Enter amount: 6000

Discount 900.0
Net payable: 5100.0
 Decision Making
⮚ Nested if

if expression1:
statement(s)
if expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
elif expression4:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
 Decision Making
⮚ Nested if

num=int(input("enter number"))
if num%2==0:
if num%3==0:
print ("Divisible by 3 and 2")
else:
print ("divisible by 2 not divisible by 3")
else:
if num%3==0:
print ("divisible by 3 not divisible by 2")
else:
print ("not Divisible by 2 not divisible by 3")
 Loops
⮚ While Loop

while expression:
statement(s)

count = 0
while count < 9:
print ('The count is:', count)
count = count + 1

print ("Good bye!")

 Loops
⮚ While Loop

The count is: 0

The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3
The count is: 4
The count is: 5
The count is: 6
The count is: 7
The count is: 8
Good bye!
 Loops
⮚ for Loop

for iterating_var in sequence:

statements(s)

for var in list(range(5)):

print (var)

Output:
0
1
2
3
4
 Loops
⮚ for Loop

for letter in 'Python': # traversal of a string sequence

print ('Current Letter :', letter)

Output:
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
 Loops
⮚ for Loop

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for fruit in fruits: # traversal of List sequence
print ('Current fruit :', fruit)

print ("Good bye!")

Output:
Current fruit : banana
Current fruit : apple
Current fruit : mango
Good bye!
 Loops
⮚ for Loop
⮚ Iterating by Sequence Index

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for index in range(len(fruits)):
print ('Current fruit :', fruits[index])

print ("Good bye!")

Output:
Current fruit : banana
Current fruit : apple
Current fruit : mango
Good bye!
 Loops
⮚ Break Statement

for letter in 'Python':

if letter == 'h':
break
print ('Current Letter :', letter)

Output:
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
 Loops
⮚ Continue Statement

for letter in 'Python':

if letter == 'h':
continue
print ('Current Letter :', letter)

Output:
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
 Loops
⮚ Using else Statement with Loops
• Python supports to have an else statement associated
with a loop statement

• If the else statement is used with a for loop, the else

block is executed only if for loops terminates normally
(and not by encountering break statement).

• If the else statement is used with a while loop, the

else statement is executed when the condition
becomes false.
 Loops
⮚ Using else Statement with Loops

numbers=[11,33,55,39,55,75,37,21,23,41,13]

for num in numbers:

if num%2==0:
print ('the list contains an even number')
break
else:
print ('the list does not contain even number')

Output:
the list does not contain even number
 Numbers - Revisited
⮚ Numbers
⮚ Number Type Conversion
⮚ Type int(x) to convert x to a plain integer.

⮚ Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.

⮚ Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real

part x and imaginary part zero.

⮚ Type complex(x, y) to convert x and y to a complex number

with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric
expressions.
 Numbers - Revisited
⮚ Numbers
⮚ Mathematical Functions

Function Returns ( description )

abs(x) The absolute value of x: the (positive)
distance between x and zero.
math.ceil(x) The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not
less than x
math.exp(x) The exponential of x: ex
math.floor(x) The floor of x: the largest integer not
greater than x
math.log(x) The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
math.log10(x The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 .
)
 Numbers - Revisited
⮚ Numbers
⮚ Mathematical Functions
Function Returns ( description )
max(x1, x2,...) The largest of its arguments: the
value closest to positive infinity
min(x1, x2,...) The smallest of its arguments: the
value closest to negative infinity
pow(x, y) The value of x**y.
round(x [,n]) x rounded to n digits from the
decimal point.
math.sqrt(x) The square root of x for x > 0
 Strings - Revisited
⮚ Strings (Assume str to be a string variable)
Sr. Methods with Description
No.
1 str.capitalize()
Capitalizes first letter of string. Not in Place
2 str.isalnum()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all
characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise.
3 str.isalpha()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all
characters are alphabetic and false otherwise.
4 str.isdigit()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and
contains only digits and false otherwise.
5 str.islower()
Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character
and all cased characters are in lowercase and false
otherwise.
6 str.isspace()
Returns true if string contains only whitespace
characters and false otherwise.
 Strings - Revisited
⮚ Strings
Sr. Methods with Description
No.
7 str.isupper()
Returns true if string has at least one cased character
and all cased characters are in uppercase and false
otherwise.
8 len(str)
Returns the length of the string
9 str.lower()
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase.
Not in Place.
10 max(str)
Returns the max alphabetical character from the string
str.
11 min(str)
Returns the min alphabetical character from the string
str.
12 str.upper()
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase. Not
in Place.
 Lists - Revisited
⮚ Delete List Elements

list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

print (list)
del list[2]
print ("After deleting value at index 2 : ", list)

Output:
['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]
After deleting value at index 2 : ['physics',
'chemistry', 2000]
 Lists - Revisited
⮚ Basic List Operations

Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length
[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation
['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition
3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership
for x in [1,2,3] : print 123 Iteration
(x,end=' ')
 Lists - Revisited
⮚ Built in List Functions and Methods (assume
list to be name of the variable)
Sr. Function with Description

1 len(list)
Gives the total length of the list.

2 max(list)
Returns item from the list with max value.

3 min(list)
Returns item from the list with min value.

4 list.copy()
Returns a copy of the list
 Lists - Revisited
⮚ List Methods
SN Methods with Description
1 list.append(obj)
Appends object obj to list. Returns None.
2 list.count(obj)
Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list
3 list.index(obj)
Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears
4 list.insert(index, obj)
Inserts object obj into list at offset index
5 list.pop()
Removes and returns last object or obj from list
6 list.remove(obj)
Removes first instance of obj from list
7 list.reverse()
Reverses objects of list in place
8 list.sort()
Sorts objects of list in place
 Python Functions
⮚ Defining a Function

def functionname( parameters ):

"function_docstring"
function_suite
return [expression]

def printme( str ):

"This prints a passed string into this function"
print (str)
return
 Python Functions
⮚ Pass by reference vs value

⮚ All parameters (arguments) in the Python language

are passed by reference.

⮚ It means if you change what a parameter refers to

within a function, the change also reflects back in the
calling function.
 Python Functions
⮚ Pass by reference vs value

# Function definition is here

def changeme( mylist ):
"This changes a passed list into this function"
print ("Values inside the function before change: ", mylist)
mylist[2]=50
print ("Values inside the function after change: ", mylist)
return

# Now you can call changeme function

mylist = [10,20,30]
changeme( mylist )
print ("Values outside the function: ", mylist)

Output:
Values inside the function before change: [10, 20, 30]
Values inside the function after change: [10, 20, 50]
Values outside the function: [10, 20, 50]
 Python Functions
⮚ Pass by reference vs value

# Function definition is here

def changeme( mylist ):
"This changes a passed list into this function"
mylist = [1,2,3,4] # This would assign new reference
in mylist
print ("Values inside the function: ", mylist)
return

# Now you can call changeme function

mylist = [10,20,30]
changeme( mylist )
print ("Values outside the function: ", mylist)

Output:
Values inside the function: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Values outside the function: [10, 20, 30]
 Python Functions
⮚ Global vs. Local Variables
⮚ Variables that are defined inside a function body
have a local scope, and those defined outside have a
global scope.

⮚ This means that local variables can be accessed only

inside the function in which they are declared,
whereas global variables can be accessed
throughout the program body by all functions.
 Python Functions
⮚ Global vs. Local Variables

total = 0 # This is a global variable.

# Function definition is here
def sum( arg1, arg2 ):
# Add both the parameters and return them."
total = arg1 + arg2; # Here total is local variable.
print ("Inside the function local total : ", total)
return

# Now you can call sum function

sum( 10, 20 )
print ("Outside the function global total : ", total )

Output:
Inside the function local total : 30
Outside the function global total : 0
 Python Functions
⮚ Global vs. Local Variables

total = 0 # This is global variable.

# Function definition is here
def sum( arg1, arg2 ):
# Add both the parameters and return them."
global total
total = arg1 + arg2;
print ("Inside the function local total : ", total)
return

# Now you can call sum function

sum( 10, 20 )
print ("Outside the function global total : ", total )

Output:
Inside the function local total : 30
Outside the function global total : 30

Note: You can also return multiple values, e.g. return x, y

 Miscellaneous
⮚ del var_name
⮚ del var1, var2
⮚ type(5)
⮚ type(5.6)
⮚ type(5+2j)
⮚ type(“hello”)
⮚ type([‘h’,’e’])
⮚ type((‘h’,’e’))
⮚ Multiple Assignments
⮚ a=b=c=1
⮚ a, b, c = 1, 2, "john"
 Numpy
⮚ Numpy (Numeric/Numerical Python)
⮚ Numpy is an open-source add-on module that
provides common mathematical and numerical
routines as pre-compiled fast functions

⮚ It provides basic routines for manipulating large

arrays and matrices of numeric data.

⮚ import numpy as np

⮚ C:\\Python34\scripts>pip3.4 list

⮚ C:\\Python34\scripts>pip3.4 install numpy

 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Collection of same type of elements

⮚ One dimensional array

 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Two dimensional array
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Two dimensional array: reshape() & copy()

Strange - Shape is a settable property and it is a tuple and you can concatenate the
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Two dimensional array: reshape(), transpose() &
flatten()
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Two dimensional array: concatenate()
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Two dimensional array: concatenate()
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Other ways to create array
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics - Broadcasting
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics - Broadcasting
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array iteration
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Basic array operations

⮚ np.mean(a)
⮚ np.var(a)
⮚ np.std(a)
⮚ np.min(a)
⮚ np.max(a)
⮚ np.argmin(a)
⮚ np.argmax(a)
⮚ np.sort(a) (not in place)
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Basic array operations
⮚ a=np.array([[1,2],[3,4]]) [

[1, 2],

[3, 4]

]
⮚ np.mean(a) #2.5
⮚ np.mean(a,axis=0) #array([ 2., 3.]) #column wise
⮚ np.mean(a,axis=1) #array([ 1.5, 3.5]) #row wise
⮚ b=np.array([[11,5,14],[2,5,1]]) [

[11, 5, 14],

[2, 5, 1]

]
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Basic array operations
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Comparison Operators & Value Testing
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Comparison Operators & Value Testing
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Where Function
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Checking for NaN and Inf
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Array Item Selection & Manipulation
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Vector and Matrix Mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Vector and Matrix Mathematics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Statistics
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Random Numbers
 Numpy
⮚ np.array
⮚ Random Numbers
 Saving and Loading Numpy
Array
# Single array saving and loading
x = np.arange(10)

#save
np.save(‘outfile’, x)

#load
x = np.load(‘outfile.npy’)

print(x)
 Saving and Loading Numpy
Array
# Multiple array saving and loading

x = np.arange(10)
y = np.random.randint(1, 10, (2, 3))

#save
np.savez(‘outfile’, x, y) # or np.savez(‘outfile’, x = x, y = y)

#load
dict = np.load(‘outfile.npz’)
x = dict[‘arr_0’] # or x = dict[‘x’]
y = dict[‘arr_1’] # or y = dict[‘y’]

print(x, y)