Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEM

 Basic principles of the operating

system
 Functions of the operating system

 Type of Operating System

 Content
2

 What is the operating system, the

concepts of the operating system.
 Development history of the operating
system
 Types of operating systems
 Operating system services.
 Structure of the operating system
 Principles of operating system design
 Operating System Concept
3

OS

Softwares
Other
software
s

Hardwares

Computers Softwares
 Operating System Concept
4

 Hardware: provides the necessary

resources for computing and data
processing.
 Software: specific programs (system
software and application software).
 Operating System: the program system
works between the user (the user) and the
 Provides an environment for the users to execute programs.
computer's hardware.
 Make the computer easier to use, convenient and more
efficient.
 Manage all other hardware and software devices in your
computer.
 Components of a computer system
5

User 1 User 2 User 3 … User n

Compiler Assembler Text-editor …

Database System

System & Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware
 Components of the operating system
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 Resource allocator: Manage and allocate

resources.
 Control program: Control the program execution

and control the operation of input/output devices.

 The kernel: is the "core" program of the operating

system, which is executed first and exists in

memory until the computer is shutdown (other
programs are
Resource called application programs).
Control
allocator program
The kernel
 History of development
7

 The history of computer development is closely

linked to the history of microprocessors.
 Before the 20th century, people used abacus for
calculation.
 History of development
8

 1st Generation: 1945-1955, used Vacuum Tube

technology, also known as computers using
electronic bulb technology.
 Characteristics: consumes a lot of electricity,
generates a lot of heat and the system is less
reliable..
 History of development
9

 2nd Generation: 1955 – 1973, used

semiconductor technology (Transistor).
 A computer system created with transistors
becomes much smaller, faster and more efficient
than a computer system created with vacuum
tubes.
 History of development
10

 3rd Generation): 1974 - 1979, used integrated

circuit IC (Integrated Circuit), a semiconductor
circuit established by implanting transistors on a
substrate (Silicon) and connecting the transistors
wirelessly.
 History of development
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 4th Generation): from 1980. Computers used IC

integration technology (VLSI: Very Large Scale
Intergrated).
 The birth of the 8088 microprocessor marked the
period of development of personal computers
(PC).
 History of development
12

 5th Generation: This is the period of development

of "smart" computers, which can automatically
recognize changes in the surrounding
environment like humans.
 Can communicate with humans using natural
language.There have been breakthroughs in the
generation of “intelligent” computers; Honda’s
ROBOT Asimo is an example..
 History of development
13

 5th Generation: This is the period of development

of "smart" computers, which can automatically
recognize changes in the surrounding
environment like humans.
 Can communicate with humans using natural
language.There have been breakthroughs in the
generation of “intelligent” computers; Honda’s
ROBOT Asimo is an example..
 Modern Operating Systems
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 On computers:
 Windows
 Linux
 MacOS
 On mobile/tablet:
 Android
 IOS
 BlackBerry OS
 Modern Operating Systems
Criteria
Windows Linux macOS
15
Develo Microsoft Open-source Apple
per community
Securit Moderate, prone to Very high, minimal High, minimal
y malware malware viruses
User
User-friendly, widely Varied (Gnome, KDE, Sleek, consistent
Interfa
used Xfce...) interface
ce
Perfor Good, but slows down
Excellent, lightweight Well-optimized
mance over time
Softwa
Supports many but
re Supports most Best for Apple
lacks some proprietary
Suppor popular software apps
software
t
Hardwa
re Supports many Wide range, depends Limited to Apple
Suppor devices on community drivers hardware
t
Progra
 Operating System Services
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 Process management
 Main memory management
 Manage extra memory
 Manage import and export systems
 File system management
 Security system
 Command line mechanism system
 Process management
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 A process is a program in progress

 The role of an operating system in process
management:
 Create and destroy user and system
processes.
 Stop and redo a process.
 Provides process synchronization mechanism.
 Provides a way to communicate between
processes.
 Deadlock control mechanism is provided
 Main memory management
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 Keeps information about where in

memory is used and who is using it.
 Decide which processes are loaded into
the main memory, when the memory is
available.
 Allocate and recall memory as needed.
 Manage extra memory
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 Manage disk free space.

 Location of storage.
 Schedule a disc.
 Manage import and export
20
systems
 Buffer caching system.
 General device drivers communication.
 Controller for hardware devices
 File system management
21

 Create and delete a file.

 Create and delete a directory.
 Supports file and folder operations.
 Mapping files on the secondary storage
system.
 Backup files on storage devices.
 Security system
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 A mechanism that controls the access of

a program, process, or user to system
resources.
 Command line system
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 Command controller
 Command interpreter
 Other services
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 Execute the program

 Import and export operations
 Manipulation on the file system
 Network management
 Information
 Error detection
 Type of Operating System
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 Batch processing system

 Multi-program batch processing system
 Time sharing system (multitasking
processing)
 Parallel system
 Distributed system
 Real-time processing system
 Embedded System
 Batch processing system
26

 Batch operating systems execute tasks

in turn according to predetermined
instructions.
 Permanent supervisor Operatin
 CPU and I/O operations g
System

User
programi
ng
 Multi-program batch processing system
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 Multiprogram increases CPU utilization

by organizing tasks so that the CPU is
always in working condition.
 Deals with task scheduling, memory
scheduling and CPU scheduling issues.
 Multitasking system
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 Multitasking system: Many jobs are done together via

the CPU's conversion mechanism like multiplexing, but the
conversion time is very fast.
 Multitasking operating systems are more complex
than multi-program operating systems.
 Memory administration and protection, using virtual memory.
 Providing on-line file system ...
 Multitasking operating systems are the kind of
modern operating systems these days.
task

time
 Parallel system (multi-
29
processing)
 There are multiple processors that share the data
transmission line: the clock, the memory and the
peripherals.
 Optimized than systems with multiple machines with a
single processor:
 sharing peripheral devices, storage systems, sources ...
 reliability
 Symmetric multiprocessor: each processor runs with one
copy of the operating system
 Asymmetric multiprocessing: each processor is assigned
a separate job. One main processor controls the entire
system, and the other processors follow the instructions of
the main processor.
 Distributed system
30

 Processors do not share memory and

clocks
 Distributed processors often differ in size
and functionality

 Share resources
 Speed up calculation
 Safe
 Communication with each other
 Real-time processing
31
system
 Used when there are time constraints on
processor or data flow operations.
 Fast processing time.
 Accurate results in the fastest time squeezing
time.
 Hard real-time system:
 work is completed in time.
 The data is usually stored in short term memory.
 Soft real-time system:
 Each task has its own priority and will be
executed according to that priority.
 Embedded System
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 Embedded in home appliances, game

machines, ...
 The architecture is simple, compact, with
specific characteristics for each device.
 Applications: PDA, Mobil phones, ...
 System call
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 Provides a communication between the

process and the operating system
 Method of passing parameters to the
operating system:
 pass the parameter to the register.
 stored in blocks or tables in memory.
 stack mechanism.
 System calls can be divided into categories:
process control, file manipulation, device
manipulation, information.
 System call
34
 The simple OS structure
35

Application program

Resident system
program
MS-DOS
devicesdrivers

ROM-BIOS

MS-DOS
 The simple OS structure
36

 Are not divided into distinct classes (sections)

 A class can call functions belonging to any other class.
 Simple, easy to design, easy to install
 Hard to protect, difficult to expand, and difficult to upgrade

Application program

Resident system
program
MS-DOS
devicesdrivers

ROM-BIOS

MS-DOS Structure (Simple

 The structure of the first ver. UNIX OS
37
 The structure of a layered operating
system
38

 is divided into several layers

 Each class is based on the lower classes.
 The bottom layer is the hardware, the top layer is
the layer that communicates with the user.
 Each class uses only the functions provided by
the lower class.
 The kernel is in the next class of the hardware
class, using the hardware commands to make
system calls.
 Design principles of OS
43

 should be easy to write, easy to fix, and easy to upgrade

(should write the operating system in a high-level language
because it is easier to write and fix errors than in assembly
language).
 It needs to be easy to install, easy to maintain, error free
and efficient.
 It should be easy to use, easy to learn, safe, highly reliable
and fast to perform.
 requires high portability (works on a different set of
hardware).
 It is necessary to have SYSGEN (System Generation)
program that collects hardware related information in order
to configure the operating system to suit each computer.
 Summary
44

 What is the operating system?

 How many types of operating systems are there?
What criteria is this classification based on?
 What are the main operating system components
and what are the functions of each?
 Compare the different architectures of the
operating system. Advantages and disadvantages
of each type of structure.
 On what factors does the development of the
operating system depend?
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