反人類罪
提示：呢篇文講嘅唔係戰爭罪。
反人類罪，又叫做危害人類罪，係一種由某個權力推行嘅系統性咁違反人權嘅罪行，通常都係由一個國所犯。同戰爭罪唔同，反人類罪喺戰爭同和平時期都有機會犯[1]。反人類罪一定唔可以係一次性或者獨立事件，而係需要有系統性嘅成分[2]。呢啲唔一定要係明確嘅政策，只需要係暗地裏受政權保護已經足夠成立做反人類罪。
第一次有反人類罪被檢控，係喺紐倫堡審判期間，針對納粹德國嘅猶太人大屠殺政策。自從世界人權宣言喺1948年寫低咗，已經成爲咗一個國際人權嘅標準。除咗納粹德國之外，犯過反人類罪嘅政權仲有盧旺達、塞拉利昂、紅色高棉、同南斯拉夫等等。
奇怪嘅係，到依家都只係有成立咗國際刑事法院嘅羅馬規約，而反人類罪到今時今日，都冇一個國際性嘅定義，所以有唔少組織都喺度提議正式用條約嘅方式嚟成立一個標準定義。雖然係咁，不過大家一般都有一個大概嘅範圍，通常任何嘅侵略罪、戰爭罪、謀殺、大屠殺、種族滅絕、種族清洗、驅逐出境、國家恐怖主義、奴隸制、酷刑、强奸、政治迫害等等，只要係系統性咁實行，就會算係反人類罪。
睇埋
[編輯]出面網頁
[編輯]- Crimes of War project
- Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
- What is a Crime Against Humanity? – an online video
- Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity – a learning resource, highlighting the cases of Myanmar, Bosnia, the DRC, and Darfur
- Crimes Against Humanity – Bibliographies on the topics of the International Law Commission & International Law Seminar (UNOG Library)
攷
[編輯]- ↑ Margaret M. DeGuzman,"Crimes Against Humanity" Research Handbook on International Criminal Law, Bartram S. Brown, ed., Edgar Elgar Publishing, 2011.
- ↑ Zegveld, Liesbeth. Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups. p. 107.
睇多啲
[編輯]- Christopher R. Browning, "The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder" (review of Philippe Sands, East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity", Knopf, 425 pp. and Christian Gerlach, The Extermination of the European Jews, Cambridge University Press, 508 pp., The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (November 24, 2016), pp. 56–58. Discusses Hersch Lauterpacht's legal concept of "crimes against humanity", contrasted with Rafael Lemkin's legal concept of "genocide". All genocides are crimes against humanity, but not all crimes against humanity are genocides; genocides require a higher standard of proof, as they entail intent to destroy a particular group.
- Macleod, Christopher (2010). "Towards a Philosophical Account of Crimes Against Humanity". European Journal of International Law. 21 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1093/ejil/chq031.
- Sadat, Leila Nadya (2013). "Crimes Against Humanity in the Modern Age" (PDF). American Journal of International Law. 107 (2): 334–377. doi:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0334. S2CID 229167103. 原著 (PDF)喺22 October 2014歸檔. 喺11 December 2013搵到.
- Schabas, William A. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521782623.
- (fr) Jean Albert (dir.), L'avenir de la justice pénale internationale, Institut Presage, Bruylant, 2018, 383 p. ISBN 978-2802753452