Ağrı (Turkish pronunciation: [ɑːɾɯ]; Kurdish: Agirî;[2] Armenian: Քարբեր, romanized: Karber[3]) is a city in eastern Turkey, near the border with Iran. It is the seat of Ağrı Province and Ağrı District.[4] Its population is 120,390 (2021).[1] Formerly known as Karaköse (Kurdish: Qerekose)[5] from the early Turkish republican period until 1946, and before that as Karakilise (Ottoman Turkish: قرهکلیسا, romanized: Karakilisa, lit. 'Black Church'; Armenian: Ղարաքիլիսա, romanized: Gharakilisa), the city is now named after Ağrı, the Turkish name of Mount Ararat.[6]
Ağrı | |
|---|---|
 City center of Ağrı | |
  Ağrı Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 39°43′07″N 43°03′03″E / 39.71861°N 43.05083°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Ağrı |
| District | Ağrı |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Hazal Aras (DEM) |
| Elevation | 1,640 m (5,380 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | 120,390 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www |
History
editThe current town center was founded around 1860 by a group of Armenian merchants from Bitlis with the name Karakilise (قرهکلیسا, lit. 'the black church') that became known to the local population as Karakise, and this version was turned officially to Karaköse at the beginning of the Republican era. This name was changed to Ağrı by 1946.[citation needed]
In the years of 1927 to 1931, the region was under the occupation of the Kurdish separatist movements, which gained to establish an unrecognized state named Republic of Ararat which was led by several Kurdish leaders, some of the Main were Ibrahim Heski and Ihsan Nuri.[citation needed]
In the medieval period, the district's administrative centre was located at Alashkert, once an important town. The "kara kilise" or "black church" that gave the town its name was a medieval Armenian church. In 1895 H. F. B. Lynch stayed in Karakilise and wrote that it had between 1500 and 2000 inhabitants, was nearly two-thirds Armenian, and that a barracks for a locally recruited Kurdish Hamidiye regiment had been recently located in the town.[7]
The Armenian population of the town and surrounding valley was massacred by tribal Kurds during the Armenian Genocide: a New York Times report from March 1915 mentions the Alashkert valley being covered with the bodies of men, women, and children.[8]
Economy and infrastructure
editAğrı contains most of the industry in Ağrı Province, where the main economic activity is agriculture and animal husbandry. There is Ağrı Meat and Milk Factory. The ELDESAN leather factory is one of the biggest in the region. There are also a sugar factory, shoe factory, flour mills, agricultural equipment manufacturing sites, brick factory, lime factory, furniture factory, dairy factory and textile mills.[9]
North of Ağrı, there is a longwave broadcasting station with 2 250 metres tall guyed masts, broadcasting on 162 kHz with 1000 kW.
It is a very poor region with extremely cold winters. Most people live by grazing animals on the mountainside. Few people manage to attend university; people tend to marry in their teens, and families with ten or more children are common. The local MP Fatma Salman Kotan has written of the need to erode the patriarchal nature of society in the region.[10]
Demographics
editOn the eve of the First World War, 8,180 Armenians lived in the kaza of Karakilise. The city itself had a total population of 4,500, half of them being Armenians. The town had two Armenian schools.[11]
Climate
editAğrı has a Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate (Dsb) under Köppen and a warm summer continental climate (Dcb) under Trewartha classification. Summers are generally brief but warm with cool nights. The average high temperature in August is roughly 30 °C (86 °F). Winters are very cold. The average low January temperature is −16 °C (3 °F). It snows a lot in winter, staying for an average of four months in the city. The highest recorded temperature was 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) on 10 August 1961. The lowest recorded temperature in Ağrı was −43.8 °C (−46.8 °F) on 20 January 1972. The highest recorded snow thickness was 225 cm ( 88.6 inches) on 21 February 1985.
| Climate data for Ağrı (1991–2020, extremes 1940–2023) (elevation:1646 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
13.0 (55.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
37.9 (100.2) |
39.8 (103.6) |
39.9 (103.8) |
35.3 (95.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
39.9 (103.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.8 (65.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
18.0 (64.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.0 (14.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
9.8 (49.6) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.8 (5.4) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
2.9 (37.2) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−10.2 (13.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −43.8 (−46.8) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−39.6 (−39.3) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−31.6 (−24.9) |
−39.8 (−39.6) |
−43.8 (−46.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36.4 (1.43) |
39.5 (1.56) |
49.3 (1.94) |
75.1 (2.96) |
76.4 (3.01) |
42.8 (1.69) |
22.6 (0.89) |
13.7 (0.54) |
20.9 (0.82) |
51.5 (2.03) |
41.8 (1.65) |
42.9 (1.69) |
512.9 (20.19) |
| Average precipitation days | 10.9 | 10.67 | 11.97 | 15.23 | 16.23 | 9.87 | 6.90 | 4.73 | 4.8 | 9.2 | 7.43 | 10.87 | 118.8 |
| Average snowy days | 10.1 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 6.6 | 34.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78.3 | 78.4 | 76 | 69.4 | 66.6 | 60 | 53.7 | 50 | 52.9 | 64.6 | 72.8 | 79.5 | 66.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 71.3 | 90.4 | 133.3 | 171.0 | 229.4 | 282.0 | 313.1 | 306.9 | 270.0 | 210.8 | 138.0 | 71.3 | 2,287.5 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.3 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 6.8 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 6.2 |
| Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity),[13] Meteomanz (snow days 2008-2023)[14] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
edit- Şakiro (1936-1996), Kurdish Dengbêj singer[15]
- Yaşar Ören (1942*), cross-country skier
- Celal Adan (1952*), politician
- Nizamettin Ariç (1956*), contemporary Kurdish singer, composer and director
- Abdullah Yilmaz (1961*), cross-country skier
- Erhan Dursun (1962*), cross-country skier
- Cesim Gökçe (1968*), politician
- Fatma Salman Kotan (1970*), Member of Parliament for Ağrı
- Savci Sayan (1971*), politician and current mayor of Ağrı[16]
- Şahe bedo (1976*), Kurdish Singer[17]
- Mehmet Emin İlhan (1979*), politician
- Berdan Öztürk (1980*), politician
- Dirayet Taşdemir (1982*), politician
- Türkan Erişmiş (1984*), middle distance runner
- Adem Kılıçcı (1986*), amateur boxer in the middleweight division
- Nesim Turan (1992*), para table tennis player
- Bayram Malkan (1994*), boxer in the light heavyweight
- Zeynep Çelik (1996*), Paralympic judoka
- Kader Çelik (2001*), Paralympian goalball player
- Cemal Kaya (1962*), politician [18][circular reference]
References
edit- ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Adem Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (PDF) (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ "Էջ:Հայբուսակ.pdf/447". hy.wikisource.org (in Armenian). Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ 'Azadiya Demirbaş ji bo aştiyê girîng e' Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, Yeni Özgür Politika, May 06, 2010. (in Kurdish)
- ^ "Ağrı | Turkey". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ H. F. B. Lynch, "Armenia, Travels and Studies, volume 2, pages 3 - 9.
- ^ Turks and Kurds Reported to have Massacred Men, Women, and Children [1], New York Times, 20 March 1915. Archive
- ^ Ağrı sosyal yaşam Archived January 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Radikal-çevrimiçi / Politika / Bir vekilin öyküsü doğu kadınının dramı". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ "Sancak Beyazıt / Payazat / Դարոյնք - Daruynk' / Daryunk'". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Agri" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
WMO Station Number: 17099
- ^ "AGRI - Weather data by months". meteomanz. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ "Dengbej Şakıro Biyografisi".
- ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ "Şahe Bedo Kimdir? - Güncel Şahe Bedo Haberleri".
- ^ "Cemal Kaya".
External links
edit- Ağrı (in Turkish)