Anna of Savoy, born Giovanna (1306–1365), was a Byzantine Empress consort, as the second spouse of Andronikos III Palaiologos. She served as regent, with the titles augusta and autokratorissa,[1] during the minority of her son John V Palaiologos from 1341 until 1347.[2] In Byzantium, she was known as Anna Palaiologina, owing to her marriage to Andronikos.[1]
| Anna of Savoy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Byzantine Empress consort | |
| Tenure | 1326–1341 |
| Born | 1306 |
| Died | 1365 (aged 58–59) Thessaloniki |
| Spouse | Andronikos III Palaiologos |
| Issue | Maria (renamed Eirene) John V Palaiologos Michael Palaiologos Eirene (renamed Maria) |
| House | Savoy |
| Father | Amadeus V, Count of Savoy |
| Mother | Maria of Brabant |
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox prev. Roman Catholic |
Life
editAnna was a daughter of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, and his second wife, Maria of Brabant.[3] She was betrothed to Andronikos III Palaiologos in September 1325,[4] during which time he was involved in a civil war with his paternal grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos.[5]
The marriage took place in October 1326.[4] She joined the Eastern Orthodox Church and took the name Anna.[6] In 1328, Andronikos III entered Constantinople and finally deposed his grandfather.[7]
Regent
editOn 14-15 June 1341, Andronikos III died.[8] He was succeeded by their son John V who was still three days short of his ninth birthday. Anna was appointed regent for her son.[9] However, Andronikos III had entrusted the administration to his advisor John Kantakouzenos, whom Anna did not trust.
At about the same time, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia launched an invasion of Northern Thrace. Kantakouzenos left Constantinople to try to restore order to the area. In his absence, Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople and courtier Alexios Apokaukos convinced Anna that the senior advisor was her enemy. Anna declared Kantakouzenos an enemy of the state and offered the title of eparch of Constantinople to Apokaukos.
On 26 October 1341, Kantakouzenos answered by proclaiming himself emperor at Didymoteicho. He still controlled part of the Byzantine army, and his claim to the throne began a civil war that lasted until 1347. Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria soon allied with the faction under John V and Anna while Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia sided with John VI. Both rulers were actually taking advantage of the civil war for their own political and territorial gains. In time John VI would ally himself with Orhan I of the nascent Ottoman emirate.
At the same time Anna was attempting to gain support from Western Europe. In Summer, 1343 an emissary proclaimed her loyalty to Pope Clement VI in Avignon. In August, 1343, Anna pawned the Byzantine crown jewels to the Republic of Venice for 30,000 ducats as part of an attempt to secure more finances for the war.[10] However Anna at last lost the war[how?].
On 3 February 1347, the two sides reached an agreement. John VI was accepted as senior emperor with John V as his junior co-ruler.[11] The agreement included the marriage of John V to Helena Kantakouzene, a daughter of John VI.[12] John VI entered Constantinople and took effective control of the city.
Later years
editIn 1351, Anna left Constantinople for Thessaloniki. She held her own court in the city, issuing decrees in her name and even controlling a mint. She was the second Byzantine empress to hold court in Thessaloniki, following Irene of Montferrat. Her rule there lasted to about 1365.
Her last official act was the donation of a convent in the memory of Agioi Anargyroi (Greek: «Άγιοι Ανάργυροι» "The Angels Without Money"). Agioi Anargyroi is the joined description of Saints Cosmas and Damian, who supposedly offered free medical services. Their devotees usually pray for healing. The donation may indicate Anna suffering from poor health and hoping for a cure. A little later she became a nun and died under the name "Anastasia" ca. 1365.
Issue
edit- Maria (renamed Eirene) Palaiologina (1327 – after 1356), who married Michael Asen IV of Bulgaria.[6]
- John V Palaiologos (18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391).[6]
- Michael Palaiologos,[8] despotes (1337 – before 1370). He entered the court of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia in 1351/1352.
- Eirene (renamed Maria) Palaiologina (d. 6 August 1384), who married Francesco I of Lesbos.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b Wilson, Lain. "Anna Palaiologina (1341–1347)". Dumbarton Oaks. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ^ Russell, Eugenia (2013). Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441155849. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Cox 1967, p. 376.
- ^ a b Nicol 1996, p. 83.
- ^ Bartusis 1992, p. 86.
- ^ a b c Nicol 1996, p. 84.
- ^ Nicol 1993, p. 160-161.
- ^ a b c Nicol 1996, p. 85.
- ^ Nicol 1996, p. 87.
- ^ Barker 1969, p. 499.
- ^ Nicol 1996, p. 91.
- ^ Herrin 2009, p. 288.
Sources
edit- Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Ann of Savoy". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 55. Wikidata Q115751844.
- Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press.
- Bartusis, Mark C. (1992). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Cox, Eugene L. (1967). The Green Count of Savoy. Princeton University Press.
- Herrin, Judith (2009). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press.
- Nicol, Donald M. (1996). The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250-1500. Cambridge University Press.
- Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.