The Battle of Valea Albă, also known as the Battle of Războieni or the Battle of Akdere, was an important event in the medieval history of Moldavia. It took place at Războieni, also known as Valea Albă, on 26 July 1476, between the Moldavian army of Stephen the Great and an invading Ottoman army which was commanded personally by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.
| Battle of Valea Albă/Războieni/Akdere | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Moldavian-Ottoman Wars | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ottoman Empire[1] |
Moldavia Kingdom of Hungary[2] Lithuania[3] | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Mehmed the Conqueror | Stephen the Great | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
90,000–150,000 according to Dennis Deletant and Keith Hitchins[4] 30,000 according to Kármán Gábor[5] |
12,000[6] 20,000[7] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 30,000[4] | 1,000 and 11 boyars[6][8] | ||||||
Background
editIn 1475 the Ottoman's attempt to bring Moldavia under their control, at winter by using an army of Rumelian local levies, ended disastrously with a defeat in the Battle of Vaslui. During the proper military campaign season, the Ottomans assembled a large army, estimated by contemporary western sources at about 90,000-150,000 soldiers, under the command of Sultan Mehmed II and entered Moldavia in June 1476. Dennis Deletant and Keith Hitchins regard these numbers as accurate,[4] but according to Kármán Gábor, these sources are undoubtedly exaggerated, the fact that the first 100,000-strong army in Ottoman military history was formed during the reign of Selim II and that Ottoman military records kept at the time of the war recorded that the army was close to 30,000 shows that western sources give exaggerated numbers.[9] Meanwhile, groups of Tartars from the Crimean Khanate (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. According to Dennis Deletant and Keith Hitchins, they were repelled.[10] But according to Shaw Stanford that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar forces "occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy."[11] In the process the Moldavians forces ended up being dispersed throughout the country, leaving only a small force of about 10,000–12,000 men, led by Stephen himself, to face the main Ottoman attack.
Battle
editThe Ottoman army crossed the Danube in the second half of June 1476, then advanced on the Siret Valley, towards Suceava. Under these conditions, Stephen strengthened the fortresses and sent part of the army against the Tatars, succeeding in driving them out of the country, cutting the supplies of the Ottomans. Without receiving help from the Poles or Hungarians, Stephen was forced to oppose the invading army with only about 10,000-12,000 soldiers. He established his camp on a high plateau, that he fortified with trenches, palisades and wagons linked together, according to the Hussite model.
On 25 July 1476, Stephen attacked the Ottoman vanguard led by the beylerbey of Rumelia, Süleyman Hadambul, whom he had previously defeated at the Battle of Vaslui. He inflicted heavy losses, but the arrival of the main Ottoman army forced him to retreat to the fortified camp, sheltered by the artillery. The next day, on 26 July 1476, after an artillery duel, the main Ottoman forces were lured into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties to the attacking Ottoman army in the forest. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several attacks with steady fire from hand-guns.[12] The attacking Ottoman Janissaries were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders' positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Ottoman Janissaries penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting.
Stephen, after a fierce resistance, overwhelmed by the number of opponents, was forced to abandon the camp and retreat through the forest. Although the Moldavian chronicler Grigore Ureche says that both the Ottomans and Stephen suffered heavy losses, saying that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, other Christian sources say that the losses were very small for the Moldavians. The Polish chronicler Jan Długosz estimates them at "more than 200 dead", and the Italian Giovanni Maria Angiolello states that "about 200 were killed and about 800 captured". Given the subsequent course of events, Stephen likely saved most of his army, which he regrouped and used to constantly harass the Ottomans.[6]
Aftermath
editStephen retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the Polish Kingdom[7] and began forming another army. The Ottomans captured considerable parts of Moldavian territory but were unable to conquer some of the major Moldavian strongholds such as Suceava, Neamț, and Hotin[10] and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavians attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the plague.
Meanwhile, anti-Ottoman forces were being assembled in Transylvania[10] under Stephen V Báthory's command. Confronted with this army and with Stephen's counterattack, the Ottomans retreated from major parts of Moldavia in August 1476 to come back again in 1480.
In fiction
editIn the Romanian theatrical play Apus de Soare by Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea (set in the final year of Stephen's reign), one can find a description of the battle in the form of a dialog between the daughters and widows of the boyars who had fallen in the battle, in which they describe how their respective fathers and husbands had to drag Stephen out of the battle, as he desperately tried to keep fighting.
References
edit- ^ Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.
- ^ "Tartalomjegyzék". oszk.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Öztuna, Yılmaz (29 October 2023). Fatih; Büyük Kartalın gölgesi. Yakın Plan Yayınları. p. 168. ISBN 9786055535995.
- ^ a b c D. Deletant, K. Hitchins, History of Romania, Ed. Corint, Bucharest, 2002, p. 157
- ^ Kármán, Gábor; Kunčevic, Lovro, eds. (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004246065.
- ^ a b c "Bătălia de la Războieni - Enciclopedia României - prima enciclopedie online despre România". enciclopediaromaniei.ro.
- ^ a b "Moment Istoric". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). 26 July 2005.
- ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z, Vol. 3, (Greenwood Press, 2007), 1058.
- ^ Kármán, Gábor; Kunčevic, Lovro, eds. (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004246065.
- ^ a b c Mihai Bărbulescu; Dennis Deletant; Keith Hitchins; Șerban Papacostea; Pompiliu Teodor (2002). Istoria României [History of Romania] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Ed. Corint. pp. 157–158. ISBN 973-653-215-1.
- ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (1976) History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey – Vol 1: Empire of Gazis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29163-1 p.68
- ^ (in Romanian) Akademia, Rolul distinctiv al artileriei în marile oşti moldoveneşti Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (The special role of artillery in the larger Moldavian armies), April 2000
Bibliography
edit- Kármán, Gábor; Kunčevic, Lovro, eds. (2013). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004246065.