Wikipedia

Biloxi, Mississippi

"Biloxi" redirects here. For other uses, see Biloxi (disambiguation).

Biloxi (/bɪˈlʌksi/ bih-LUK-see; French: [bilusi]) is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It lies on the Gulf Coast in southern Mississippi, bordering the city of Gulfport to its west. The adjacent cities are both designated as seats of Harrison County. The population of Biloxi was 49,449 at the 2020 census, making it the state's 4th most populous city. It is a principal city of the Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area, home to 416,259 residents in 2020. The area's first European settlers were French colonists.

Biloxi, Mississippi
City
The Biloxi Visitors Center and the Biloxi Lighthouse, the city's signature landmark, in November 2011
The Biloxi Visitors Center and the Biloxi Lighthouse, the city's signature landmark, in November 2011
Flag of Biloxi, Mississippi
Flag
Official logo of Biloxi, Mississippi
Logo
Location in Harrison County and the state of Mississippi
Location in Harrison County and the state of Mississippi
Coordinates: 30°24′43″N 88°55′40″W / 30.41194°N 88.92778°W / 30.41194; -88.92778
Country United States
State Mississippi
CountyHarrison
Incorporatedin 1838 as a township
Government
 • MayorAndrew Gilich (R)
Area
[1]
 • City
67.71 sq mi (175.36 km2)
 • Land42.94 sq mi (111.20 km2)
 • Water24.77 sq mi (64.16 km2)
Elevation
20 ft (6 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City
49,449
 • Density1,151.69/sq mi (444.67/km2)
 • Metro
416,259 (US: 133rd)
Time zoneUTC−6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
39530–39535, 39540
Area code228
FIPS code28-06220
GNIS feature ID0667173
Websitewww.biloxi.ms.us

The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403rd Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve.

History

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Colonial era

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Main articles: Fort Maurepas, Louisiana (New France), New France, Treaty of Paris (1763), and British West Florida
See also: Seven Years' War and French and Indian War
 
Old Biloxi (site B) and New Biloxi (site A), French map, beginning of 18th century

In 1699, French colonists formed the first permanent, European settlement in French Louisiana, at Fort Maurepas, now in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, and referred to as "Old Biloxi". The settlement was under the direction of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. La Louisiane was separated from Spanish Florida at the Perdido River near Pensacola (this was founded by the Spanish 1559 and again in 1698).

The name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, a transliteration of the term for the local Native American tribe in their language. Labeled along with "Fort Maurepas"[2] on maps dated circa year 1710/1725, the name was sometimes used in English as "Fort Bilocci".[3][4]

In 1720, the area of today's city of Biloxi was settled for the first time around Fort Louis, and the administrative capital of French Louisiana was moved to Biloxi from Mobile. French Louisiana, part of New France, was known in French as La Louisiane in colonial times. In modern times it is called La Louisiane française to distinguish it from the modern state of Louisiana.[2]

Due to fears of tides and hurricanes, colonial governor Bienville moved the capital of French Louisiana in 1722 from Biloxi to a new inland harbor town named La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans), built for this purpose in 1718–1720.[citation needed]

In 1763, following Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War, France had to cede their colonies east of the Mississippi River, except for New Orleans, to Great Britain, as part of the Treaty of Paris. At the same time, the French colony west of the Mississippi, plus New Orleans, was ceded to Spain as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

Subsequent history

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Aerial view, 1932
Main articles: Spanish West Florida, Treaty of Paris (1783), Mississippi Territory, and Louisiana Purchase
See also: Gulf Coast campaign, American Revolutionary War, Spain and the American Revolutionary War, War of 1812, and Mississippi in the American Civil War

British rule lasted from 1763 to 1779, followed by Spanish rule from 1779 to 1810. Despite this, the character of Biloxi remained mostly French, as their descendants made up the majority of the population.[5] In 1811, the U.S. traded with Spain to take over Biloxi and the related area, making it part of their Mississippi Territory. Mississippi, and Biloxi with it, was admitted as a state to the union in 1817.

Biloxi began to grow. In the antebellum period of the 19th century, it became known as a summer resort due to its proximity to the breezes and beaches of the coast. It also had the advantages of proximity to New Orleans and ease of access via water. Summer homes were built by wealthy slave-owners and commercial figures, and hotels and rental cottages were developed to serve those who could not afford their own homes.[5]

The Biloxi Lighthouse was built in Baltimore, Maryland, and shipped south, where it was completed at the site in May 1848.[6] (It is one of two surviving lighthouses on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, which at one time had twelve.[6])

In the early stages of the Civil War, Ship Island was captured by Union forces, enabling them to take control of Biloxi. No major battles were fought in the area, and Biloxi did not suffer direct damage from the war.[5] Some local Union sentiment could be discerned following the war's conclusion.[6]

In the postbellum period, Biloxi again emerged as a vacation spot. Its popularity as a destination increased with railroad access. In 1881, the first cannery was built in the town to process seafood, leading others to join the location. This stimulated development in the city and attracted new immigrants from Europe and various ethnic groups who worked in the seafood factories. They processed shrimp and other local seafood. These changes gave Biloxi a more heterogeneous population.[5]

 
Looking West down Howard Avenue at Lameuse Street, 1906
 
Child laborers picking shrimp in Biloxi, 1911. Photo by Lewis Hine.
 
Beauvoir, the post-war home of Confederate States President Jefferson Davis
 
Jefferson Davis Presidential Library and Museum at Beauvoir

During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces built Keesler Field, now Keesler Air Force Base, which became a major basic training site and site for aircraft maintenance. The Biloxi economy boomed as a result,[7] attracting new residents and businesses. By 1958, the first Jewish synagogue had been built in the town.[7]

Biloxi's casino history dates to a period in the 1940s. At the time, open, if technically illegal, gambling took place in a casino within the Broadwater Beach Resort.[8] Open gambling ended during the 1950s.[9] The Mississippi Gulf Coast became known as the "Poor Man's Riviera", and was frequented by Southern families interested in fishing expeditions during the summer.[10] Commercially, Biloxi was dominated by shrimp boats and oyster luggers.[10] The tradition of blessing fishing boats in the US seems to have first taken place in Biloxi in 1929 and has been practised ever since.[11][12]

In 1959, Biloxi was the site of "Mississippi's first public assault on racial barriers in its 15-year civil rights struggle."[13] Gilbert R. Mason, a black physician in Biloxi, went swimming at a local beach with seven black friends. They were ordered to leave by a city policeman, who told them that "Negroes don't come to the sand beach".[14]

In the early 1960s, the Gulf Coast again emerged as a prime alternative to Florida as a southern vacation destination among Northerners, with Biloxi a favored destination.[10] Biloxi hotels upgraded their amenities and hired chefs from France and Switzerland in an effort to provide some of the best seafood cuisine in the country.[10] Edgewater Mall was built in 1963.

With the introduction of legal gambling in Mississippi in the 1990s, Biloxi was again transformed.[7] It became an important center in the resort casino industry. The new hotels and gambling complexes brought millions of dollars in tourism revenue to the city. The more famous casino complexes were the Beau Rivage casino resort, the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Casino Magic, Grand Casino, Isle of Capri Casino Resort Biloxi, Boomtown Casino, President Casino Broadwater Resort, and Imperial Palace. Like Tunica County in the northern part of the state, Biloxi and the surrounding Gulf Coast region were considered a leading gambling center in the Southern United States.

To celebrate the area's tricentennial in 1998/99, the city's tourism promotion agency invited the nationally syndicated Travel World Radio Show to broadcast live from Biloxi, with co-host Willem Bagchus in attendance

Hurricanes

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Scores of hurricanes have hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast, but the most destructive, as measured by storm surge levels in the Biloxi Lighthouse, occurred in 1855, 1906, 1909, 1947, 1969 (Hurricane Camille), and 2005 (Hurricane Katrina)[15]

Hurricane Katrina

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On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast with high winds, heavy rains and a 30-foot (9.1 m) storm surge, causing massive damage to the area. Katrina came ashore during the high tide of 6:56 am, +2.3 feet more.[16] Commenting on the power of the storm and the damage, Mayor A. J. Holloway said, "This is our tsunami."[17] Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour was quoted as saying the destruction of the Mississippi coastline by Hurricane Katrina looked like an American Hiroshima.

On the morning of August 31, 2005, in an interview on MSNBC, Governor Barbour stated that 90% of the buildings along the coast in Biloxi and neighboring Gulfport had been destroyed by the hurricane.[citation needed] Several of the "floating" casinos were torn off their supports and thrown inland, contributing to the damage.

Many churches were destroyed or severely damaged, including St. Michael's Catholic Church, which was gutted by the storm surge, breaking the entry doors and stained-glass windows along the first floor; however, the interior was later removed, and the structure was still solid enough to allow repairing the church.

Hurricane Katrina damaged over 40 Mississippi libraries beyond repair, breaking windows and flooding several feet in the Biloxi Public Library, requiring a total rebuild.[18]

Hurricane-force winds persisted for 17 hours and tore the branches off many coastal oak trees, but the tree trunks survived the 30-foot (9.1 m) flood and many have since regrown smaller branches. Some reconstructed homes still have their antebellum appearance, and miles inland, with less flooding, shopping centers have reopened.

Harrison County Coroner Gary T. Hargrove told the mayor and City Council that Hurricane Katrina had claimed 53 victims in Biloxi, as of January 30, 2006.[citation needed] Of the 53 confirmed fatalities in Biloxi, a figure that includes one unidentified male, Hargrove said the average age was 58, with the youngest being 22 and the oldest 90; 14 were female and 39 were male.

Biloxi is the site of a well-known memorial to Katrina victims. The memorial was created by a team of local artists (Elizabeth Veglia and Aaron Kramer), an architect (Dennis Cowart), a contractor (Roy Anderson Corporation), and city liaison (Nathan Sullivan), with assistance from the crew and volunteers of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.[19][20][21]

Many casinos were damaged or destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. Of the casinos that were located in Biloxi, eight have reopened since Katrina. They are the Grand Biloxi Casino Hotel Spa (formerly known as Grand Casino Biloxi), the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino, the Golden Nugget, the Palace Casino Resort, the IP Casino Resort Spa (formerly known as Imperial Palace), Treasure Bay Casino, Boomtown Casino, and the Beau Rivage, which reopened on the first anniversary of Hurricane Katrina.[22]

Multiple plans have been laid out to rebuild the waterfront areas of Biloxi, and the federal government has recently announced that it is considering giving up to 17,000 Mississippi coast homeowners the option to sell their properties so that a vast hurricane-protection zone can be implemented.[23] Meanwhile, the city of Biloxi is rapidly implementing plans to allow the redevelopment of commercial properties south of Highway 90.[24]

  •  
    Hurricane Katrina pushed houses inland along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, including at Biloxi.
  •  
    Casino barges floated ashore in Biloxi during Hurricane Katrina's storm surge.
  •  
    U.S. Navy personnel perform a search and rescue mission in Biloxi after Hurricane Katrina.
  •  
    Biloxi beach during cleanup of storm debris
  •  
    Front view of Beauvoir in Biloxi, 7 months after Hurricane Katrina

Geography and climate

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Biloxi is located in southeastern Harrison County, bordered to the south by Mississippi Sound (part of the Gulf of Mexico) and to the northeast partially by Biloxi Bay, which forms part of the Jackson County line. To the northeast, across Biloxi Bay, are the Jackson County city of Ocean Springs and the unincorporated community of St. Martin. The Back Bay of Biloxi continues west from the Jackson County line, crossing the city of Biloxi to Big Lake on the city's western boundary, where the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa rivers join. The Tchoutacbouffa flows from east to west across the city and forms part of the city's eastern boundary. Biloxi is bordered to the north and east by the city of D'Iberville and to the west by the city of Gulfport.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Biloxi has a total area of 46.7 square miles (120.9 km2), of which 38.2 square miles (99.0 km2) are land and 8.5 square miles (21.9 km2), or 18.14%, are water.[25]

 
Location of Biloxi, east of Gulfport (center), on Gulf of Mexico

Biloxi has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) that is heavily influenced by the Gulf of Mexico. Winter days are mild and wet. Snow is extremely rare in Biloxi. Summers are hot and humid, bearing the brunt of tropical storms during the late summer to fall. Biloxi's record low of 1 °F (−17.2 °C) was recorded on February 12, 1899, and the record high of 104 °F (40 °C) was recorded on August 29, 2000, and tied again on August 26, 2023.

Climate data for Biloxi, Mississippi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 82
(28) 		87
(31) 		89
(32) 		91
(33) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		103
(39) 		104
(40) 		101
(38) 		98
(37) 		88
(31) 		83
(28) 		104
(40)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 59.8
(15.4) 		63.2
(17.3) 		69.3
(20.7) 		75.8
(24.3) 		82.8
(28.2) 		88.0
(31.1) 		89.7
(32.1) 		89.9
(32.2) 		86.9
(30.5) 		79.1
(26.2) 		69.2
(20.7) 		62.2
(16.8) 		76.3
(24.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 51.7
(10.9) 		55.2
(12.9) 		61.3
(16.3) 		68.1
(20.1) 		75.6
(24.2) 		80.9
(27.2) 		82.5
(28.1) 		82.5
(28.1) 		79.2
(26.2) 		70.5
(21.4) 		60.2
(15.7) 		54.0
(12.2) 		68.5
(20.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43.6
(6.4) 		47.3
(8.5) 		53.4
(11.9) 		60.4
(15.8) 		68.3
(20.2) 		73.8
(23.2) 		75.3
(24.1) 		75.1
(23.9) 		71.5
(21.9) 		61.9
(16.6) 		51.2
(10.7) 		45.9
(7.7) 		60.6
(15.9)
Record low °F (°C) 10
(−12) 		1
(−17) 		22
(−6) 		30
(−1) 		42
(6) 		54
(12) 		60
(16) 		61
(16) 		44
(7) 		32
(0) 		24
(−4) 		9
(−13) 		1
(−17)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.37
(136) 		4.37
(111) 		5.72
(145) 		5.65
(144) 		5.25
(133) 		7.13
(181) 		8.09
(205) 		6.93
(176) 		5.24
(133) 		3.68
(93) 		4.36
(111) 		5.03
(128) 		66.80
(1,697)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.5 8.9 8.0 7.0 7.1 11.9 13.9 12.7 8.6 6.5 7.3 9.2 110.6
Source: NOAA[26][27]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870954—
18801,54061.4%
18903,234110.0%
19005,45768.7%
19108,04947.5%
192010,93735.9%
193014,85035.8%
194017,47517.7%
195037,425114.2%
196044,03517.7%
197048,48610.1%
198049,3111.7%
199046,319−6.1%
200050,6449.3%
201044,054−13.0%
202049,44912.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]
2018 Estimate[29][25]

Biloxi is the smaller of two principal cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area.

2020 census

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Historical racial composition 1970[30] 1990[31] 2000[32] 2010[32] 2019 est.[33]
White 85.6% 74.6% 60.0% 58.0% 65.0%
Black 13.6% 18.6% 35.8% 34.9% 20.7%
Asian 0.4% 5.7% 1.6% 2.0% 3.7%
Native 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander		 - - 0.1% 0.1% 0.0%
Other race 0.3% 0.7% 1.0% 2.8% 1.0%
Two or more races - – 1.3% 1.9% 7.4%
Biloxi city, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[34] Pop 2010[35] Pop 2020[36] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 35,292 30,129 28,771 27.50% 17.98% 58.18%
Black or African American alone (NH) 9,569 8,632 10,779 70.34% 79.11% 21.8%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 232 221 148 0.12% 0.13% 0.3%
Asian alone (NH) 2,558 1,951 2,123 0.57% 0.38% 4.29%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 50 108 67 0.01% 0.01% 0.14%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 75 1,662 208 0.07% 0.06% 0.24%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 1,020 1,351 2,668 0.60% 0.76% 5.58%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,848 2,723 4,685 0.79% 1.57% 9.47%
Total 50,644 44,054 49,449 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 49,449 people, 17,923 households, and 10,922 families residing in the city.


Economy

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Casinos

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Biloxi is home to eight casino resort hotels, with 24-hour gambling, concert entertainment shows, and several restaurants. Some of the current casino resorts include (dates reflect business status after Hurricane Katrina):[22]

 
Biloxi casinos

Arts and culture

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Sports

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Club League Sport Venue Founded Affiliate
Biloxi Shuckers SL Baseball Keesler Federal Park 2015 Milwaukee Brewers
Mississippi Sea Wolves FPHL Ice hockey Mississippi Coast Coliseum 2022

In the center of what fisheries biologists term "The Fertile Fisheries Crescent", Biloxi offers some of the finest sportsfishing along the entire northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Spotted seatrout, red drum, Spanish and king mackerel, flounder, snapper, grouper, sharks, and more are all available to anglers during the fishing season. It is not known how Hurricane Katrina affected this ecosystem.[citation needed]

The Biloxi Shuckers, the Double-A Southern League affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers play at Keesler Federal Park.[42]

The Mississippi Sea Wolves of the Federal Prospects Hockey League have played at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum since 2022. Biloxi was previously home to the original Sea Wolves team of the ECHL, and the Mississippi Surge of the Southern Professional Hockey League.

Biloxi was the host city of the 2009 Women's World Military Cup.

Biloxi City Futbol Club is set to join the Louisiana Premier League for the fall of 2016.[43]

Government

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Biloxi City Hall

The Bolton State Office Building in Biloxi includes the headquarters of the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources and the South Regional Office of the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality.[44][45][46]

The United States Postal Service operates the Biloxi Post Office and other area post offices.[47]

Education and faith

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The city is served by the Biloxi Public School District and the Harrison County School District.

Places of worship in Biloxi include Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Biloxi, Mississippi) and the First Baptist Church of Biloxi. The Catholic Diocese of Biloxi had the first black Bishop, Bishop Howze. The diocese is considered an Irish mission and has had priests from Ireland here since the 1950s.

Media

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See also: List of newspapers in Mississippi, List of radio stations in Mississippi, and List of television stations in Mississippi

Newspaper

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Biloxi has one daily newspaper, the Sun Herald, which is headquartered in nearby Gulfport.

Radio

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20 FM and 7 AM radio stations operate in and/or serve the Biloxi area.

Television

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According to Nielsen Media Research, the Biloxi market, as of the 2015–2016 season, is the third largest of five television markets in Mississippi, and the 158th largest in the country.[48] Three major television stations serve the Biloxi area. ABC and CBS affiliate WLOX 13 and PBS/MPB member station WMAH-TV 19 are located in Biloxi, while Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WXXV-TV 25 is located in Gulfport. In addition to the stations' main programming, WLOX and WXXV-TV broadcast programming from other networks on digital subchannels. WLOX-DT2 serves as the market's CBS affiliate, while WXXV-TV operates the market's respective NBC and CW affiliates on DT2 and DT3.[49]

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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Biloxi is served by the Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in Gulfport.

The Coast Transit Authority provides bus service to the region with fixed-route and paratransit services.

Biloxi's main highway is U.S. Highway 90 (Beach Boulevard), which runs along the beach and by the casinos. It connects the city to Gulfport and points westward and to Ocean Springs and Pascagoula to the east. The Biloxi Bay Bridge, connecting Biloxi and Ocean Springs, was rebuilt after Hurricane Katrina, and was fully reopened in April 2008.

Interstate 10 passes through the northern sections of the city, leading west 85 miles (137 km) to New Orleans and east 60 miles (97 km) to Mobile, Alabama. Interstate 110 splits off from I-10 at D'Iberville and heads south across the Back Bay of Biloxi to U.S. 90 near Beau Rivage, providing the city with an important hurricane evacuation route.

North–south highways serving the area include:

Notable people

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Filming location

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Several films have been produced in Biloxi, including:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "La Louisiane française" (in French), by Virginie Tanlay, from book Histoire de la Louisiane, flfa-enquete7 Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine: states that Iberville chose "le site de Bilocci" (or Biloxi)
  3. ^ "Pas-Kaart Van de Golff van Mexico" (map from Amsterdam/1710), Edge of the Map Incorporated, 2007, webpage: Raremaps-Archive-3176 Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ "A New Map of as much of North & South America" (London/1725), Edge of the Map Incorporated, 2007, webpage: Raremaps-Archive-7278 Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ^ a b c d "Biloxi: A Historic & Cultural Overview". City of Biloxi historical pamphlet, 2003.
  6. ^ a b c "Biloxi Lighthouse". City of Biloxi historical datasheet, 2003.
  7. ^ a b c "Biloxi/Gulfport, Mississippi" Archived October 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Institute of Southern Jewish Life
  8. ^ Wilemon, Tom (June 30, 2005). "The Landmark Broadwater Hotel, Once Biloxi's Premier Resort, Shutting Down". The Sun Herald. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  9. ^ Bergeron, Kat. "Before-After: Broadwater". The Sun Herald. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
  10. ^ a b c d Janson, Donald (December 15, 1963). "Mississippi Gulf Coast Woos Vacationists". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (September 13, 2011). Religious Celebrations An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–121. ISBN 9781598842067. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  12. ^ Noble, Noah. "Biloxi's 94th annual Blessing of the Fleet blesses over 50 boats ahead of shrimp season". WLOX.COM. Gray Television, Inc. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  13. ^ Bill Minor (May 20, 2009). "Watch for 'The Good Doctors' to be out soon". DeSoto Times-Tribune.
  14. ^ J. Michael Butler (February 2002). "The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission and Beach Integration, 1959-1963: A Cotton-Patch Gestapo?". The Journal of Southern History. 68 (1): 107–148. doi:10.2307/3069692. JSTOR 3069692.
  15. ^ Debbie Stringer. 2010. "Biloxi's Guiding Light". Today in Mississippi (Ridgeland, MS), Volume 63, Number 5, May 2010.
  16. ^ "2005 NOAA Tide Predictions: Biloxi (Cadet Point), Biloxi Bay" (2005), tide on 29-Aug-2005, NOAA, web: NOAA-tide-tables Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ "Herald.com | 08/30/2005 | Rooftop rescues mount along with fires, floods". Archived from the original on September 6, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2005.
  18. ^ "Hurricane Katrina Related Damages to Public Libraries in Mississippi" (September 2005), Mississippi Library Commission, web: ALA-Katrina Archived 2007-10-31 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ "Katrina Memorial Biloxi". Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  20. ^ "Hurricane Katrina Memorial Design Narrative". biloxi.ms.us. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
  21. ^ "Creative Team|Hurricane Katrina Memorial". biloxi.ms.us. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
  22. ^ a b "Tentative re-opening plans for Biloxi casino resorts" (2006), City of Biloxi, www.Biloxi.ms.us, webpage: Biloxi-Casinos Archived 2006-10-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ "Gov't May Buy Thousands of Miss. Homes" AP via Google News. Retrieved October 17, 2007. Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ Beachfront Development On Biloxi's Front Burner Archived 2009-09-19 at the Wayback Machine WLOX News Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on October 17, 2007.
  25. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Biloxi city, Mississippi". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  26. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  27. ^ "Station: Biloxi AP, MS". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  28. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  29. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  30. ^ "Table 25. Mississippi - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. July 13, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
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