Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Jordan. The country had a moratorium on capital punishment between 2006 and 2014. In late 2014 the moratorium was lifted and 11 people were executed. Two more executions followed in 2015, 15 executions took place in 2017 and one in 2021. The method of execution is hanging, although shooting was previously the sole method for carrying out executions.[1]
History
editBetween 2000 and the imposition of a moratorium in 2006 there had been 41 executions, either for murder, terrorism or sexual offences.[2]
In 2005 King Abdullah II of Jordan stated that: "in coordination with the European Union, we would like to modify our Penal Code. Jordan could soon become the first country in the Middle East without capital punishment."[3] A moratorium on the death penalty was subsequently imposed the following year.
In 2008 and 2010 Jordan abstained to vote on the United Nations moratorium on the death penalty.[2]
In November 2014 the Jordanian cabinet formed a committee to explore whether Jordan should reinstate the application of capital punishment.[3]
On 21 December 2014 11 persons were hanged, all men who were convicted of murder in 2005 and 2006.[4][5] These were the first executions in the country since June 2006; 122 sentences of capital punishment had been handed out since.[5] Shortly before the executions Interior Minister Hussein Al-Majali had stated that capital punishment might be reinstated due to a major debate on the subject, and with the public believing that a recent rise in crime was caused by non-application of the death penalty.[5] The lifting of the moratorium was criticized by human rights organisations.[6]
On 4 February 2015, shortly after discovering Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh had been killed by the Islamic State, Jordan executed Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi and Ziad Khalaf Raja al-Karbouly. Both had been convicted of terrorist offences.[7]
In February 2016 local media reported that a government committee had recommended the execution of 13 offenders, out of 80 investigated cases.[8]
15 people were executed on the morning of 4 March 2017; 10 convicted with terrorism and the remaining 5 with "heinous" murder and rape of minors. Those convicted with terrorism were part of a bomb attack against the Jordanian embassy in Baghdad in 2003 that left dozens killed, an attack in Amman in 2006 in which a tourist was killed, a foiled terror plot in Irbid in 2016 that planned to bomb several civilian targets, an attack on intelligence officers in 2016 that left 5 dead and the assassination of Jordanian writer Nahed Hattar in 2016.[9]
In 2017 there were a total of 120 people on death row, including 12 women.[10]
On 4 August 2021 a Jordanian man was hanged in Swaqa prison for burning his Lebanese wife to death, being the last execution in the country as of January 2022.[11]
Capital crimes
editCapital punishment is possible amongst others for murder, rape, terrorism, aggravated robbery, drug trafficking, illegal possession and use of weapons, war crimes, treason and espionage.[12]
Legal process
editIn recent years most verdicts of capital punishment have been handed out by the State Security Court.[13] Cases in which capital punishment is sentenced receive an automatic appeal.[14]
Article 93 of the Constitution of Jordan holds that "no death sentence may be carried out unless ratified by the King. Every such sentence shall be submitted to him by the Council of Ministers along with the council’s view on it."[3]
Several categories of persons are excluded from being subjected to capital punishment. These are those under the age of 18, pregnant women, the mentally ill and mentally retarded.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b "Jordan". Death Penalty Worldwide. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Amman Center for Human Rights Studies 5th Annual Report, The Death Penalty in the Arab World 2010" (PDF). Amman Center for Human Rights Studies. 2010. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Rana Husseini (9 November 2014). "Panel to examine whether to reinstate executions". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Jordan ends death penalty moratorium with 11 executions". BBC. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ a b c "Jordan hangs 11 after lifting execution ban". Al Jazeera. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Jordan hangs 11 men after eight-year halt to death penalty". The Guardian. 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ Rod Norland and Ranya Kadri (3 February 2015). "Jordan Executes 2 Prisoners After ISIS Video of Pilot's Death". New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ Rana Husseini (17 February 2016). "No decision yet on death row cases — official". The Jordan Times. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
- ^ "Jordan executes 15 prisoners, 10 convicted of terror charges". BBC. 4 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ "12 women on death row in Jordan — SIGI". The Jordan Times. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017.
- ^ "Jordanian executed by hanging for burning wife to death". 4 August 2021.
- ^ "The Death Penalty in Jordan". Death Penalty Worldwide. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ Roger G. Hood; Carolyn Hoyle (2008). The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-0-19-922846-1.
- ^ "2010 Human Rights Report: Jordan". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor - United States Department of State. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2014.