Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) is a book series published by the Office of the Historian in the United States Department of State. It presents the official documentary historical record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activities. The series began in 1861 and now comprises more than 450 individual volumes. The volumes published over the last two decades increasingly contain declassified records from all the foreign affairs agencies.
Overview
editForeign Relations volumes contain documents from presidential libraries, Departments of State and Defense, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Agency for International Development, and other foreign affairs agencies as well as the private papers of individuals involved in formulating U.S. foreign policy.[1]
Volumes in the series since 1952 are organized chronologically according to presidential administrations, and geographically and topically within each subseries: 25 volumes cover the Kennedy administration (1961–63), 34 cover the Johnson administration (1964–68), and about 54 are scheduled for the Nixon and Ford administration administrations (1969–76). Volumes on the Carter administration are now being published and volumes on the Reagan administration are now being researched and annotated.
Prior to 1970, the series was published under various names. From 1870 to 1947, the uniform title Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States was used. From 1947 to 1969, the name was changed to Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers. After that date, the current name was adopted.
It has had numerous subseries, appendices and microfiche supplements over the years as warranted. Indexes were issued covering the years 1861–99 and 1900–18.
E-books
editThe Office of the Historian offers e-book editions of a growing number of volumes from the series. Far lighter and more portable than printed editions of FRUS, the e-book edition offers the full content of each volume and makes use of the full-text search and other reading features of most e-book devices and applications, including bookmarking and note-taking. Unlike the web-based edition of FRUS, the e-book edition, once downloaded, can be accessed even without internet connectivity.[2]
Citation information
editThe title Foreign Relations of the United States is commonly abbreviated as FRUS in citations and the volume number written as a Roman numeral. The series is categorized by year and region, such as 1936, Volume II, Europe.
Criticisms
editIn a 2013 report on the status of FRUS, Richard Immerman, Chairman of the Office of the Historian's Historical Advisory Council, stated that "Because the Foreign Relations series serves as the primary venue for publishing documentation on the role of intelligence activities in U.S. foreign relations, it has become renowned internationally for its openness. This universal acclaim well serves America's national interest," but added, "This barometer of openness, however, has created substantial delays in the declassification and publication processes over which HO has limited control."[3] To that end, N. Richard Kinsman cited "serious, cumulative, and long-term deleterious effects on the Agency as a result of specific citations by name to CIA in the FRUS" and that "Explicit FRUS citations of CIA activities in specific countries constitute de facto admission of a CIA presence abroad, a direct contradiction of current policy to deny an official CIA presence abroad."[4] Warren F. Kimball in rebuttal cited the unlikelihood of documents 30+ years old after being properly vetted prior to publication posing any risk.[5]
The series has been frequently criticised for omitting mentions of controversial US foreign policies, due to limitations on the declassification of historical documents.[6] In the late 1980s and early 90s, growing concerns over the accuracy of the series's coverage of the Cold War era led to a 1991 Congressional statute to provide it with a legal mandate for timeliness and comprehensiveness.[7] Incidents alleged to be omitted or censored include the U.S. government's covert involvement in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état,[8][9] the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état,[7] the 1960 assassination of Patrice Lumumba,[6] and the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66.[10]
References
edit- ^ "Office of the Historian". state.gov. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ "Historical Documents » E-Books". history.state.gov. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- ^ List publicationsmsu.edu Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Openness and the Future of the Clandestine Service, Studies in Intelligence Winter-Spring 2001
- ^ Openness and the CIA, Studies in Intelligence Winter-Spring 2001
- ^ a b Gibbs, David N. (1995). "Let Us Forget Unpleasant Memories: The US State Department's Analysis of the Congo Crisis". Journal of Modern African Studies. 33 (1): 175–180. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0002098x. JSTOR 161559. S2CID 154887256.
- ^ a b Botts, Joshua (6 February 2012). "'A burden for the department'?: To the 1991 FRUS Statute". Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "History bleached at State". Opinion. The New York Times. 16 May 1990.
- ^ "Iran 1953: State Department Finally Releases Updated Official History of Mosaddeq Coup". National Security Archive. 15 June 2017.
- ^ Blanton, Thomas, ed. (27 July 2001). "CIA stalling State Department histories: State historians conclude U.S. passed names of communists to Indonesian Army, which killed at least 105,000 in 1965-66". National Security Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.